Monday, April 26, 2004
Hello all! I am reworking this little part of the net. Over the next few weeks this will include: a model Shire Constitution; model charters for municipal governments city, town and village; a revised and expanded model penal code :-P ; and a revision to the constitution making it some what more democratic. A first draft of the Basic Law and the Constitution of the Society to Create the Dual Principality are in the works.
Steph
Steph
Thursday, April 08, 2004
PRINCIPALITY OF AMAGI PENAL LAW
PART ONE--GENERAL PROVISIONS
TITLE A--GENERAL PURPOSES, RULES OF CONSTRUCTION, AND DEFINITIONS
ARTICLE 1--GENERAL PURPOSES
Section 1.00 Short title
This chapter shall be known as the "Penal Law."
Section 1.05 General purposes
The general purposes of the provisions of this chapter are:
1. To proscribe conduct which unjustifiably and inexcusably causes or threatens substantial harm to an individual’s rights;
2. To give fair warning of the nature of the conduct proscribed and of the sentences authorized upon conviction;
3. To define the act or omission and the accompanying mental state which constitute each offense;
4. To differentiate on reasonable grounds between serious and minor offenses and to prescribe proportionate penalties therefore;
5. To provide for an appropriate public response to particular offenses, including consideration of the consequences of the offense for the victim, including the victim's family, and the community; and
6. To insure the public safety by preventing the commission of offenses through the deterrent influence of the sentences authorized and their confinement when required in the interests of public protection.
ARTICLE 5--GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION
Section 5.00 Penal law not strictly construed
The general rule that a penal statute is to be strictly construed does not apply to this chapter, but the provisions herein must be construed according to the fair import of their terms to promote justice and effect the objects of the law.
Section 5.05 Application of chapter to offenses committed before and after enactment
1. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the construction of and punishment for any offense defined in this chapter and committed after the effective date hereof, as well as the construction and application of any defense to a prosecution for such an offense.
2. Unless otherwise expressly provided, or unless the context otherwise requires, the provisions of this chapter shall govern the construction of and punishment for any offense defined outside of this chapter and committed after the effective date thereof, as well as the construction and application of any defense to a prosecution for such an offense.
3. The provisions of this chapter do not apply to or govern the construction of and punishment for any offense committed prior to the effective date of this chapter, or the construction and application of any defense to a prosecution for such an offense. Such an offense must be construed and punished according to the provisions of law existing at the time of the commission thereof in the same manner as if this chapter had not been enacted.
Section 5.10 Other limitations on applicability of this chapter
1. Except as otherwise provided, the procedure governing the accusation, prosecution, conviction and punishment of offenders and offenses is not regulated by this chapter but by the criminal procedure law.
2. This chapter does not affect any power conferred by law upon any court-martial or other military authority or officer to prosecute and punish conduct and offenders violating military codes or laws.
3. This chapter does not bar, suspend, or otherwise affect any right or liability to damages, penalty, forfeiture or other remedy authorized by law to be recovered or enforced in a civil action, regardless of whether the conduct involved in such civil action constitutes an offense defined in this chapter.
ARTICLE 10--DEFINITIONS
Section 10.00 Definitions of terms of general use in this chapter
Except where different meanings are expressly specified in subsequent provisions of this chapter, the following terms have the following meanings:
1. "Offense" means conduct for which a sentence to a fine, up to 30 days of involuntary labor, involuntary witness of corporal or capital punishment, whipping not to exceed 36 lashes, exile and out law, imprisonment, and execution by hanging is provided by any law of the Principality or by any law, local law or ordinance of a political subdivision of this state, or by any order, rule or regulation of any governmental instrumentality authorized by law to adopt the same.
2. "Misdemeanor" means an offense, other than a "traffic infraction," for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment in excess of fifteen days may be imposed, but for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment in excess of one year cannot be imposed.
3. "Felony" means an offense for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment in excess of one year may be imposed.
4. "Crime" means a misdemeanor or a felony.
5. "Person" means a human being, and where appropriate, a public or private corporation, an unincorporated association, a partnership, a government or a governmental instrumentality.
6. "Possess" means to have physical possession or otherwise to exercise dominion or control over tangible property.
7. "Physical injury" means impairment of physical condition or substantial pain.
8. "Serious physical injury" means physical injury which creates a substantial risk of death, or which causes death or serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ.
9. "Deadly physical force" means physical force which, under the circumstances in which it is used, is readily capable of causing death or other serious physical injury.
10. "Deadly weapon" means any loaded weapon from which a shot, readily capable of producing death or other serious physical injury, may be discharged, or a switchblade knife, gravity knife, pilum ballistic knife, metal knuckle knife, dagger, billy, blackjack, or metal knuckles.
11. "Dangerous instrument" means any instrument, article or substance, including a "vehicle" as that term is defined in this section, which, under the circumstances in which it is used, attempted to be used or threatened to be used, is readily capable of causing death or other serious physical injury.
12. "Vehicle" means a "motor vehicle", "trailer" or "semi-trailer," as defined in the vehicle and traffic law, any snowmobile as defined in the parks and recreation law, any aircraft, or any vessel equipped for propulsion by mechanical means or by sail.
13. "Public servant" means (a) any public officer or employee of the state or of any political subdivision thereof or of any governmental instrumentality within the state, or (b) any person exercising the functions of any such public officer or employee. The term public servant includes a person who has been elected or designated to become a public servant.
14. "Juror" means any person who is a member of any jury, including a grand jury, impaneled by any court in this state or by any public servant authorized by law to impanel a jury. The term juror also includes a person who has been drawn or summoned to attend as a prospective juror.
15. "Benefit" means any gain or advantage to the beneficiary and includes any gain or advantage to a third person pursuant to the desire or consent of the beneficiary.
16. "Juvenile offender" -------
TITLE B--PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY
ARTICLE 15--CULPABILITY
Section 15.00 Culpability; definitions of terms
The following definitions are applicable to this chapter:
1. "Act" means a bodily movement.
2. "Voluntary act" means a bodily movement performed consciously as a result of effort or determination, and includes the possession of property if the actor was aware of his physical possession or control thereof for a sufficient period to have been able to terminate it.
3. "Omission" means a failure to perform an act as to which a duty of performance is imposed by law.
4. "Conduct" means an act or omission and its accompanying mental state.
5. "To act" means either to perform an act or to omit to perform an act.
6. "Culpable mental state" means "intentionally" or "knowingly" or "recklessly" or with "criminal negligence," as these terms are defined in section 15.05.
Section 15.05 Culpability; definitions of culpable mental states
The following definitions are applicable to this chapter:
1. "Intentionally." A person acts intentionally with respect to a result or to conduct described by a statute defining an offense when his conscious objective is to cause such result or to engage in such conduct.
2. "Knowingly." A person acts knowingly with respect to conduct or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he is aware that his conduct is of such nature or that such circumstance exists.
3. "Recklessly." A person acts recklessly with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur or that such circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that disregard thereof constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the situation. A person who creates such a risk but is unaware thereof solely by reason of voluntary intoxication also acts recklessly with respect thereto.
4. "Criminal negligence." A person acts with criminal negligence with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he fails to perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur or that such circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that the failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would observe in the situation.
Section 15.10 Requirements for criminal liability in general and for offenses of strict liability and mental culpability
The minimal requirement for criminal liability is the performance by a person of conduct which includes a voluntary act or the omission to perform an act which he is physically capable of performing. If such conduct is all that is required for commission of a particular offense, or if an offense or some material element thereof does not require a culpable mental state on the part of the actor, such offense is one of "strict liability." If a culpable mental state on the part of the actor is required with respect to every material element of an offense, such offense is one of "mental culpability."
Section 15.15 Construction of statutes with respect to culpability requirements
1. When the commission of an offense defined in this chapter, or some element of an offense, requires a particular culpable mental state, such mental state is ordinarily designated in the statute defining the offense by use of the terms "intentionally," "knowingly," "recklessly" or "criminal negligence," or by use of terms, such as "with intent to defraud" and "knowing it to be false," describing a specific kind of intent or knowledge. When one and only one of such terms appears in a statute defining an offense, it is presumed to apply to every element of the offense unless an intent to limit its application clearly appears.
2. Although no culpable mental state is expressly designated in a statute defining an offense, a culpable mental state may nevertheless be required for the commission of such offense, or with respect to some or all of the material elements thereof, if the proscribed conduct necessarily involves such culpable mental state. A statute defining a crime, unless clearly indicating a legislative intent to impose strict liability, should be construed as defining a crime of mental culpability. This subdivision applies to offenses defined both in and outside this chapter.
Section 15.20 Effect of ignorance or mistake upon liability
1. A person is not relieved of criminal liability for conduct because he engages in such conduct under a mistaken belief of fact, unless:
(a) Such factual mistake negatives the culpable mental state required for the commission of an offense; or
(b) The statute defining the offense or a statute related thereto expressly provides that such factual mistake constitutes a defense or exemption; or
(c) Such factual mistake is of a kind that supports a defense of justification as defined in article thirty-five of this chapter.
2. A person is not relieved of criminal liability for conduct because he engages in such conduct under a mistaken belief that it does not, as a matter of law, constitute an offense, unless such mistaken belief is founded upon an official statement of the law contained in (a) a statute or other enactment, or (b) an administrative order or grant of permission, or (c) a judicial decision of a state or federal court, or (d) an interpretation of the statute or law relating to the offense, officially made or issued by a public servant, agency or body legally charged or empowered with the responsibility or privilege of administering, enforcing or interpreting such statute or law.
3. Notwithstanding the use of the term "knowingly" in any provision of this chapter defining an offense in which the age of a child is an element thereof, knowledge by the defendant of the age of such child is not an element of any such offense and it is not, unless expressly so provided, a defense to a prosecution therefor that the defendant did not know the age of the child or believed such age to be the same as or greater than that specified in the statute.
Section 15.25 Effect of intoxication upon liability
Intoxication is not, as such, a defense to a criminal charge; but in any prosecution for an offense, evidence of intoxication of the defendant may be offered by the defendant whenever it is relevant to negative an element of the crime charged.
ARTICLE 20--PARTIES TO OFFENSES AND LIABILITY THROUGH ACCESSORIAL CONDUCT
Section 20.00 Criminal liability for conduct of another
When one person engages in conduct which constitutes an offense, another person is criminally liable for such conduct when, acting with the mental culpability required for the commission thereof, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes, or intentionally aids such person to engage in such conduct.
Section 20.05 Criminal liability for conduct of another; no defense
In any prosecution for an offense in which the criminal liability of the defendant is based upon the conduct of another person pursuant to section 20.00, it is no defense that:
1. Such other person is not guilty of the offense in question owing to criminal irresponsibility or other legal incapacity or exemption, or to unawareness of the criminal nature of the conduct in question or of the defendant's criminal purpose or to other factors precluding the mental state required for the commission of the offense in question; or
2. Such other person has not been prosecuted for or convicted of any offense based upon the conduct in question, or has previously been acquitted thereof, or has legal immunity from prosecution therefor; or
3. The offense in question, as defined, can be committed only by a particular class or classes of persons, and the defendant, not belonging to such class or classes, is for that reason legally incapable of committing the offense in an individual capacity.
Section 20.10 Criminal liability for conduct of another; exemption
Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 20.00 and 20.05, a person is not criminally liable for conduct of another person constituting an offense when his own conduct, though causing or aiding the commission of such offense, is of a kind that is necessarily incidental thereto. If such conduct constitutes a related but separate offense upon the part of the actor, he is liable for that offense only and not for the conduct or offense committed by the other person.
Section 20.15 Convictions for different degrees of offense
Except as otherwise expressly provided in this chapter, when, pursuant to section 20.00, two or more persons are criminally liable for an offense which is divided into degrees, each person is guilty of such degree as is compatible with his own culpable mental state and with his own accountability for an aggravating fact or circumstance.
Section 20.20 Criminal liability of corporations
1. As used in this section:
(a) "Agent" means any director, officer or employee of a corporation, or any other person who is authorized to act in behalf of the corporation.
(b) "High managerial agent" means an officer of a corporation or any other agent in a position of comparable authority with respect to the formulation of corporate policy or the supervision in a managerial capacity of subordinate employees.
2. A corporation is guilty of an offense when:
(a) The conduct constituting the offense consists of an omission to discharge a specific duty of affirmative performance imposed on corporations by law; or
(b) The conduct constituting the offense is engaged in, authorized, solicited, requested, commanded, or recklessly tolerated by the board of directors or by a high managerial agent acting within the scope of his employment and in behalf of the corporation; or
(c) The conduct constituting the offense is engaged in by an agent of the corporation while acting within the scope of his employment and in behalf of the corporation, and the offense is (i) a misdemeanor or a violation, (ii) one defined by a statute which clearly indicates a legislative intent to impose such criminal liability on a corporation, or (iii) any offense set forth in title twenty-seven of article seventy-one of the environmental conservation law.
Section 20.25 Criminal liability of an individual for corporate conduct
A person is criminally liable for conduct constituting an offense which he performs or causes to be performed in the name of or in behalf of a corporation to the same extent as if such conduct were performed in his own name or behalf.
TITLE C--DEFENSES
ARTICLE 25--DEFENSES IN GENERAL
Section 25.00 Defenses; burden of proof
1. When a "defense," other than an "affirmative defense," defined by statute is raised at a trial, the people have the burden of disproving such defense beyond a reasonable doubt.
2. When a defense declared by statute to be an "affirmative defense" is raised at a trial, the defendant has the burden of establishing such defense by a preponderance of the evidence.
ARTICLE 30-DEFENSE OF INFANCY
Section 30.00 Infancy
1. Except as provided in subdivision two of this section, a person less than twelve years old is not criminally responsible for conduct.
2. A person nine, ten or eleven years of age is criminally responsible for acts constituting felonies and misdemeanors but punishable only as described in Article --.
3. In any prosecution for an offense, lack of criminal responsibility by reason of infancy, as defined in this section, is a defense.
ARTICLE 35--DEFENSE OF JUSTIFICATION
Section 35.00 Justification; a defense
In any prosecution for an offense, justification, as defined in sections 35.05 through 35.30, is a defense.
Section 35.05 Justification; generally
Unless otherwise limited by the ensuing provisions of this article defining justifiable use of physical force, conduct which would otherwise constitute an offense is justifiable and not criminal when:
1. Such conduct is necessary as an emergency measure to avoid an imminent public or private injury which is about to occur by reason of a situation occasioned or developed through no fault of the actor, and which is of such gravity that, according to ordinary standards of intelligence and morality, the desirability and urgency of avoiding such injury clearly outweigh the desirability of avoiding the injury sought to be prevented by the statute defining the offense in issue. The necessity and justifiability of such conduct may not rest upon considerations pertaining only to the morality and advisability of the statute, either in its general application or with respect to its application to a particular class of cases arising thereunder. Whenever evidence relating to the defense of justification under this subdivision is offered by the defendant, the court shall rule as a matter of law whether the claimed facts and circumstances would, if established, constitute a defense.
Section 35.10 Justification; use of physical force generally
The use of physical force upon another person which would otherwise constitute an offense is justifiable and not criminal under any of the following circumstances:
1. A parent, guardian or other person entrusted with the care and supervision of a person under the age of eighteen who is not a citizen or an incompetent person, and a teacher or other person entrusted with the care and supervision of a person under the age of eighteen for a special purpose, may use physical force, but not deadly physical force, upon such person when and to the extent that he reasonably believes it necessary to maintain discipline or to promote the welfare of such person.
2. A warden or other authorized official of a jail, prison or correctional institution may, in order to maintain order and discipline, use such physical force as is authorized by the correction law.
3. A person responsible for the maintenance of order in a common carrier of passengers, or a person acting under his direction, may use physical force when and to the extent that he reasonably believes it necessary to maintain order, but he may use deadly physical force only when he reasonably believes it necessary to prevent death or serious physical injury.
4. A person acting under a reasonable belief that another person is about to commit suicide or to inflict serious physical injury upon himself may use physical force upon such person to the extent that he reasonably believes it necessary to thwart such result.
5. A duly licensed physician, or a person acting under his direction, may use physical force for the purpose of administering a recognized form of treatment which he reasonably believes to be adapted to promoting the physical or mental health of the patient if (a) the treatment is administered with the consent of the patient or, if the patient is under the age of eighteen years or an incompetent person, with the consent of his parent, guardian or other person entrusted with his care and supervision, or (b) the treatment is administered in an emergency when the physician reasonably believes that no one competent to consent can be consulted and that a reasonable person, wishing to safeguard the welfare of the patient, would consent.
6. A person may, pursuant to the ensuing provisions of this article, use physical force upon another person in defense of himself or a third person, or in defense of premises, or in order to prevent larceny of or criminal mischief to property, or in order to effect an arrest or prevent an escape from custody. Whenever a person is authorized by any such provision to use deadly physical force in any given circumstance, nothing contained in any other such provision may be deemed to negate or qualify such authorization.
Section 35.15 Justification; use of physical force in defense of a person
1. A person may, subject to the provisions of subdivision two, use physical force upon another person when and to the extent he reasonably believes such to be necessary to defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by such other person, unless:
(a) The latter's conduct was provoked by the actor himself with intent to cause physical injury to another person; or
(b) The actor was the initial aggressor; except that in such case his use of physical force is nevertheless justifiable if he has withdrawn from the encounter and effectively communicated such withdrawal to such other person but the latter persists in continuing the incident by the use or threatened imminent use of unlawful physical force; or
(c) The physical force involved is the product of a combat by agreement not specifically authorized by law.
2. A person may not use deadly physical force upon another person under circumstances specified in subdivision one unless:
(a) He reasonably believes that such other person is using or about to use deadly physical force. Even in such case, however, the actor may not use deadly physical force if he knows that he can with complete safety as to himself and others avoid the necessity of so doing by retreating; except that he is under no duty to retreat if he is:
(i) in his dwelling and not the initial aggressor; or
(ii) a police officer or peace officer or a person assisting a police officer or a peace officer at the latter's direction, acting pursuant to section 35.30; or
(b) He reasonably believes that such other person is committing or attempting to commit a kidnapping, forcible rape, forcible criminal sexual act or robbery; or
(c) He reasonably believes that such other person is committing or attempting to commit a burglary, and the circumstances are such that the use of deadly physical force is authorized by subdivision three of section 35.20.
Section 35.20 Justification; use of physical force in defense of premises and in defense of a person in the course of burglary
1. Any person may use physical force upon another person when he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate what he reasonably believes to be the commission or attempted commission by such other person of a crime involving damage to premises. He may use any degree of physical force, other than deadly physical force, which he reasonably believes to be necessary for such purpose, and he may use deadly physical force if he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate the commission or attempted commission of arson.
2. A person in possession or control of any premises, or a person licensed or privileged to be thereon or therein, may use physical force upon another person when he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate what he reasonably believes to be the commission or attempted commission by such other person of a criminal trespass upon such premises. He may use any degree of physical force, other than deadly physical force, which he reasonably believes to be necessary for such purpose, and he may use deadly physical force in order to prevent or terminate the commission or attempted commission of arson, as prescribed in subdivision one, or in the course of a burglary or attempted burglary, as prescribed in subdivision three.
3. A person in possession or control of, or licensed or privileged to be in, a dwelling or an occupied building, who reasonably believes that another person is committing or attempting to commit a burglary of such dwelling or building, may use deadly physical force upon such other person when he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate the commission or attempted commission of such burglary.
4. As used in this section, the following terms have the following meanings:
(a) The terms "premises," "building" and "dwelling" have the meanings prescribed in section 140.00;
(b) Persons "licensed or privileged" to be in buildings or upon other premises include, but are not limited to, police officers or peace officers acting in the performance of their duties.
Section 35.25 Justification; use of physical force to prevent or terminate larceny or criminal mischief
A person may use physical force, other than deadly physical force, upon another person when and to the extent that he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate what he reasonably believes to be the commission or attempted commission by such other person of larceny or of criminal mischief with respect to property other than premises.
Section 35.27 Justification; use of physical force in resisting arrest prohibited
A person may not use physical force to resist an arrest, whether authorized or unauthorized, which is being effected or attempted by a police officer or peace officer when it would reasonably appear that the latter is a police officer or peace officer.
Section 35.30 Justification; use of physical force in making an arrest or in preventing an escape
1. A police officer or a peace officer, in the course of effecting or attempting to effect an arrest, or of preventing or attempting to prevent the escape from custody, of a person whom he reasonably believes to have committed an offense, may use physical force when and to the extent he reasonably believes such to be necessary to effect the arrest, or to prevent the escape from custody, or to defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of physical force; except that he may use deadly physical force for such purposes only when he reasonably believes that:
(a) The offense committed by such person was:
(i) a felony or an attempt to commit a felony involving the use or attempted use or threatened imminent use of physical force against a person; or
(ii) kidnapping, arson, escape in the first degree, burglary in the first degree or any attempt to commit such a crime; or
(b) The offense committed or attempted by such person was a felony and that, in the course of resisting arrest therefor or attempting to escape from custody, such person is armed with a firearm or deadly weapon; or
(c) Regardless of the particular offense which is the subject of the arrest or attempted escape, the use of deadly physical force is necessary to defend the police officer or peace officer or another person from what the officer reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of deadly physical force.
2. The fact that a police officer or a peace officer is justified in using deadly physical force under circumstances prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subdivision one does not constitute justification for reckless conduct by such police officer or peace officer amounting to an offense against or with respect to innocent persons whom he is not seeking to arrest or retain in custody.
3. A person who has been directed by a police officer or a peace officer to assist such police officer or peace officer to effect an arrest or to prevent an escape from custody may use physical force, other than deadly physical force, when and to the extent that he reasonably believes such to be necessary to carry out such police officer's or peace officer's direction, unless he knows that the arrest or prospective arrest is not or was not authorized and he may use deadly physical force under such circumstances when:
(a) He reasonably believes such to be necessary to defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of deadly physical force; or
(b) He is directed or authorized by such police officer or peace officer to use deadly physical force unless he knows that the police officer or peace officer himself is not authorized to use deadly physical force under the circumstances.
4. A private person acting on his own account may use physical force, other than deadly physical force, upon another person when and to the extent that he reasonably believes such to be necessary to effect an arrest or to prevent the escape from custody of a person whom he reasonably believes to have committed an offense and who in fact has committed such offense; and he may use deadly physical force for such purpose when he reasonably believes such to be necessary to:
(a) Defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of deadly physical force; or
(b) Effect the arrest of a person who has committed murder, manslaughter in the first degree, robbery, forcible rape or forcible criminal sexual act and who is in immediate flight therefrom.
5. A guard, police officer or peace officer who is charged with the duty of guarding prisoners in a detention facility, as that term is defined in section 205.00, or while in transit to or from a detention facility, may use physical force when and to the extent that he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent the escape of a prisoner from a detention facility or from custody while in transit thereto or therefrom.
ARTICLE 40--OTHER DEFENSES INVOLVING LACK OF CULPABILITY
Section 40.00 Duress
1. In any prosecution for an offense, it is an affirmative defense that the defendant engaged in the proscribed conduct because he was coerced to do so by the use or threatened imminent use of unlawful physical force upon him or a third person, which force or threatened force a person of reasonable firmness in his situation would have been unable to resist.
2. The defense of duress as defined in subdivision one of this section is not available when a person intentionally or recklessly places himself in a situation in which it is probable that he will be subjected to duress.
Section 40.05 Entrapment
In any prosecution for an offense, it is an affirmative defense that the defendant engaged in the proscribed conduct because he was induced or encouraged to do so by a public servant, or by a person acting in cooperation with a public servant, seeking to obtain evidence against him for purpose of criminal prosecution, and when the methods used to obtain such evidence were such as to create a substantial risk that the offense would be committed by a person not otherwise disposed to commit it. Inducement or encouragement to commit an offense means active inducement or encouragement. Conduct merely affording a person an opportunity to commit an offense does not constitute entrapment.
Section 40.10 Renunciation
1. In any prosecution for an offense, other than an attempt to commit a crime, in which the defendant's guilt depends upon his criminal liability for the conduct of another person pursuant to section 20.00, it is an affirmative defense that, under circumstances manifesting a voluntary and complete renunciation of his criminal purpose, the defendant withdrew from participation in such offense prior to the commission thereof and made a substantial effort to prevent the commission thereof.
2. In any prosecution for criminal facilitation pursuant to article one hundred fifteen, it is an affirmative defense that, prior to the commission of the felony which he facilitated, the defendant made a substantial effort to prevent the commission of such felony.
3. In any prosecution pursuant to section 110.00 for an attempt to commit a crime, it is an affirmative defense that, under circumstances manifesting a voluntary and complete renunciation of his criminal purpose, the defendant avoided the commission of the crime attempted by abandoning his criminal effort and, if mere abandonment was insufficient to accomplish such avoidance, by taking further and affirmative steps which prevented the commission thereof.
4. In any prosecution for criminal solicitation pursuant to article one hundred or for conspiracy pursuant to article one hundred five in which the crime solicited or the crime contemplated by the conspiracy was not in fact committed, it is an affirmative defense that, under circumstances manifesting a voluntary and complete renunciation of his criminal purpose, the defendant prevented the commission of such crime.
5. A renunciation is not "voluntary and complete" within the meaning of this section if it is motivated in whole or in part by (a) a belief that circumstances exist which increase the probability of detection or apprehension of the defendant or another participant in the criminal enterprise, or which render more difficult the accomplishment of the criminal purpose, or (b) a decision to postpone the criminal conduct until another time or to transfer the criminal effort to another victim or another but similar objective.
Section 40.15 Mental disease or defect
In any prosecution for an offense, it is an affirmative defense that when the defendant engaged in the proscribed conduct, he lacked criminal responsibility by reason of mental disease or defect. Such lack of criminal responsibility means that at the time of such conduct, as a result of mental disease or defect, he lacked substantial capacity to know or appreciate either:
1. The nature and consequences of such conduct; or
2. That such conduct was wrong.
PART ONE--GENERAL PROVISIONS
TITLE A--GENERAL PURPOSES, RULES OF CONSTRUCTION, AND DEFINITIONS
ARTICLE 1--GENERAL PURPOSES
Section 1.00 Short title
This chapter shall be known as the "Penal Law."
Section 1.05 General purposes
The general purposes of the provisions of this chapter are:
1. To proscribe conduct which unjustifiably and inexcusably causes or threatens substantial harm to an individual’s rights;
2. To give fair warning of the nature of the conduct proscribed and of the sentences authorized upon conviction;
3. To define the act or omission and the accompanying mental state which constitute each offense;
4. To differentiate on reasonable grounds between serious and minor offenses and to prescribe proportionate penalties therefore;
5. To provide for an appropriate public response to particular offenses, including consideration of the consequences of the offense for the victim, including the victim's family, and the community; and
6. To insure the public safety by preventing the commission of offenses through the deterrent influence of the sentences authorized and their confinement when required in the interests of public protection.
ARTICLE 5--GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION
Section 5.00 Penal law not strictly construed
The general rule that a penal statute is to be strictly construed does not apply to this chapter, but the provisions herein must be construed according to the fair import of their terms to promote justice and effect the objects of the law.
Section 5.05 Application of chapter to offenses committed before and after enactment
1. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the construction of and punishment for any offense defined in this chapter and committed after the effective date hereof, as well as the construction and application of any defense to a prosecution for such an offense.
2. Unless otherwise expressly provided, or unless the context otherwise requires, the provisions of this chapter shall govern the construction of and punishment for any offense defined outside of this chapter and committed after the effective date thereof, as well as the construction and application of any defense to a prosecution for such an offense.
3. The provisions of this chapter do not apply to or govern the construction of and punishment for any offense committed prior to the effective date of this chapter, or the construction and application of any defense to a prosecution for such an offense. Such an offense must be construed and punished according to the provisions of law existing at the time of the commission thereof in the same manner as if this chapter had not been enacted.
Section 5.10 Other limitations on applicability of this chapter
1. Except as otherwise provided, the procedure governing the accusation, prosecution, conviction and punishment of offenders and offenses is not regulated by this chapter but by the criminal procedure law.
2. This chapter does not affect any power conferred by law upon any court-martial or other military authority or officer to prosecute and punish conduct and offenders violating military codes or laws.
3. This chapter does not bar, suspend, or otherwise affect any right or liability to damages, penalty, forfeiture or other remedy authorized by law to be recovered or enforced in a civil action, regardless of whether the conduct involved in such civil action constitutes an offense defined in this chapter.
ARTICLE 10--DEFINITIONS
Section 10.00 Definitions of terms of general use in this chapter
Except where different meanings are expressly specified in subsequent provisions of this chapter, the following terms have the following meanings:
1. "Offense" means conduct for which a sentence to a fine, up to 30 days of involuntary labor, involuntary witness of corporal or capital punishment, whipping not to exceed 36 lashes, exile and out law, imprisonment, and execution by hanging is provided by any law of the Principality or by any law, local law or ordinance of a political subdivision of this state, or by any order, rule or regulation of any governmental instrumentality authorized by law to adopt the same.
2. "Misdemeanor" means an offense, other than a "traffic infraction," for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment in excess of fifteen days may be imposed, but for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment in excess of one year cannot be imposed.
3. "Felony" means an offense for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment in excess of one year may be imposed.
4. "Crime" means a misdemeanor or a felony.
5. "Person" means a human being, and where appropriate, a public or private corporation, an unincorporated association, a partnership, a government or a governmental instrumentality.
6. "Possess" means to have physical possession or otherwise to exercise dominion or control over tangible property.
7. "Physical injury" means impairment of physical condition or substantial pain.
8. "Serious physical injury" means physical injury which creates a substantial risk of death, or which causes death or serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ.
9. "Deadly physical force" means physical force which, under the circumstances in which it is used, is readily capable of causing death or other serious physical injury.
10. "Deadly weapon" means any loaded weapon from which a shot, readily capable of producing death or other serious physical injury, may be discharged, or a switchblade knife, gravity knife, pilum ballistic knife, metal knuckle knife, dagger, billy, blackjack, or metal knuckles.
11. "Dangerous instrument" means any instrument, article or substance, including a "vehicle" as that term is defined in this section, which, under the circumstances in which it is used, attempted to be used or threatened to be used, is readily capable of causing death or other serious physical injury.
12. "Vehicle" means a "motor vehicle", "trailer" or "semi-trailer," as defined in the vehicle and traffic law, any snowmobile as defined in the parks and recreation law, any aircraft, or any vessel equipped for propulsion by mechanical means or by sail.
13. "Public servant" means (a) any public officer or employee of the state or of any political subdivision thereof or of any governmental instrumentality within the state, or (b) any person exercising the functions of any such public officer or employee. The term public servant includes a person who has been elected or designated to become a public servant.
14. "Juror" means any person who is a member of any jury, including a grand jury, impaneled by any court in this state or by any public servant authorized by law to impanel a jury. The term juror also includes a person who has been drawn or summoned to attend as a prospective juror.
15. "Benefit" means any gain or advantage to the beneficiary and includes any gain or advantage to a third person pursuant to the desire or consent of the beneficiary.
16. "Juvenile offender" -------
TITLE B--PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY
ARTICLE 15--CULPABILITY
Section 15.00 Culpability; definitions of terms
The following definitions are applicable to this chapter:
1. "Act" means a bodily movement.
2. "Voluntary act" means a bodily movement performed consciously as a result of effort or determination, and includes the possession of property if the actor was aware of his physical possession or control thereof for a sufficient period to have been able to terminate it.
3. "Omission" means a failure to perform an act as to which a duty of performance is imposed by law.
4. "Conduct" means an act or omission and its accompanying mental state.
5. "To act" means either to perform an act or to omit to perform an act.
6. "Culpable mental state" means "intentionally" or "knowingly" or "recklessly" or with "criminal negligence," as these terms are defined in section 15.05.
Section 15.05 Culpability; definitions of culpable mental states
The following definitions are applicable to this chapter:
1. "Intentionally." A person acts intentionally with respect to a result or to conduct described by a statute defining an offense when his conscious objective is to cause such result or to engage in such conduct.
2. "Knowingly." A person acts knowingly with respect to conduct or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he is aware that his conduct is of such nature or that such circumstance exists.
3. "Recklessly." A person acts recklessly with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur or that such circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that disregard thereof constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the situation. A person who creates such a risk but is unaware thereof solely by reason of voluntary intoxication also acts recklessly with respect thereto.
4. "Criminal negligence." A person acts with criminal negligence with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he fails to perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur or that such circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that the failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would observe in the situation.
Section 15.10 Requirements for criminal liability in general and for offenses of strict liability and mental culpability
The minimal requirement for criminal liability is the performance by a person of conduct which includes a voluntary act or the omission to perform an act which he is physically capable of performing. If such conduct is all that is required for commission of a particular offense, or if an offense or some material element thereof does not require a culpable mental state on the part of the actor, such offense is one of "strict liability." If a culpable mental state on the part of the actor is required with respect to every material element of an offense, such offense is one of "mental culpability."
Section 15.15 Construction of statutes with respect to culpability requirements
1. When the commission of an offense defined in this chapter, or some element of an offense, requires a particular culpable mental state, such mental state is ordinarily designated in the statute defining the offense by use of the terms "intentionally," "knowingly," "recklessly" or "criminal negligence," or by use of terms, such as "with intent to defraud" and "knowing it to be false," describing a specific kind of intent or knowledge. When one and only one of such terms appears in a statute defining an offense, it is presumed to apply to every element of the offense unless an intent to limit its application clearly appears.
2. Although no culpable mental state is expressly designated in a statute defining an offense, a culpable mental state may nevertheless be required for the commission of such offense, or with respect to some or all of the material elements thereof, if the proscribed conduct necessarily involves such culpable mental state. A statute defining a crime, unless clearly indicating a legislative intent to impose strict liability, should be construed as defining a crime of mental culpability. This subdivision applies to offenses defined both in and outside this chapter.
Section 15.20 Effect of ignorance or mistake upon liability
1. A person is not relieved of criminal liability for conduct because he engages in such conduct under a mistaken belief of fact, unless:
(a) Such factual mistake negatives the culpable mental state required for the commission of an offense; or
(b) The statute defining the offense or a statute related thereto expressly provides that such factual mistake constitutes a defense or exemption; or
(c) Such factual mistake is of a kind that supports a defense of justification as defined in article thirty-five of this chapter.
2. A person is not relieved of criminal liability for conduct because he engages in such conduct under a mistaken belief that it does not, as a matter of law, constitute an offense, unless such mistaken belief is founded upon an official statement of the law contained in (a) a statute or other enactment, or (b) an administrative order or grant of permission, or (c) a judicial decision of a state or federal court, or (d) an interpretation of the statute or law relating to the offense, officially made or issued by a public servant, agency or body legally charged or empowered with the responsibility or privilege of administering, enforcing or interpreting such statute or law.
3. Notwithstanding the use of the term "knowingly" in any provision of this chapter defining an offense in which the age of a child is an element thereof, knowledge by the defendant of the age of such child is not an element of any such offense and it is not, unless expressly so provided, a defense to a prosecution therefor that the defendant did not know the age of the child or believed such age to be the same as or greater than that specified in the statute.
Section 15.25 Effect of intoxication upon liability
Intoxication is not, as such, a defense to a criminal charge; but in any prosecution for an offense, evidence of intoxication of the defendant may be offered by the defendant whenever it is relevant to negative an element of the crime charged.
ARTICLE 20--PARTIES TO OFFENSES AND LIABILITY THROUGH ACCESSORIAL CONDUCT
Section 20.00 Criminal liability for conduct of another
When one person engages in conduct which constitutes an offense, another person is criminally liable for such conduct when, acting with the mental culpability required for the commission thereof, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes, or intentionally aids such person to engage in such conduct.
Section 20.05 Criminal liability for conduct of another; no defense
In any prosecution for an offense in which the criminal liability of the defendant is based upon the conduct of another person pursuant to section 20.00, it is no defense that:
1. Such other person is not guilty of the offense in question owing to criminal irresponsibility or other legal incapacity or exemption, or to unawareness of the criminal nature of the conduct in question or of the defendant's criminal purpose or to other factors precluding the mental state required for the commission of the offense in question; or
2. Such other person has not been prosecuted for or convicted of any offense based upon the conduct in question, or has previously been acquitted thereof, or has legal immunity from prosecution therefor; or
3. The offense in question, as defined, can be committed only by a particular class or classes of persons, and the defendant, not belonging to such class or classes, is for that reason legally incapable of committing the offense in an individual capacity.
Section 20.10 Criminal liability for conduct of another; exemption
Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 20.00 and 20.05, a person is not criminally liable for conduct of another person constituting an offense when his own conduct, though causing or aiding the commission of such offense, is of a kind that is necessarily incidental thereto. If such conduct constitutes a related but separate offense upon the part of the actor, he is liable for that offense only and not for the conduct or offense committed by the other person.
Section 20.15 Convictions for different degrees of offense
Except as otherwise expressly provided in this chapter, when, pursuant to section 20.00, two or more persons are criminally liable for an offense which is divided into degrees, each person is guilty of such degree as is compatible with his own culpable mental state and with his own accountability for an aggravating fact or circumstance.
Section 20.20 Criminal liability of corporations
1. As used in this section:
(a) "Agent" means any director, officer or employee of a corporation, or any other person who is authorized to act in behalf of the corporation.
(b) "High managerial agent" means an officer of a corporation or any other agent in a position of comparable authority with respect to the formulation of corporate policy or the supervision in a managerial capacity of subordinate employees.
2. A corporation is guilty of an offense when:
(a) The conduct constituting the offense consists of an omission to discharge a specific duty of affirmative performance imposed on corporations by law; or
(b) The conduct constituting the offense is engaged in, authorized, solicited, requested, commanded, or recklessly tolerated by the board of directors or by a high managerial agent acting within the scope of his employment and in behalf of the corporation; or
(c) The conduct constituting the offense is engaged in by an agent of the corporation while acting within the scope of his employment and in behalf of the corporation, and the offense is (i) a misdemeanor or a violation, (ii) one defined by a statute which clearly indicates a legislative intent to impose such criminal liability on a corporation, or (iii) any offense set forth in title twenty-seven of article seventy-one of the environmental conservation law.
Section 20.25 Criminal liability of an individual for corporate conduct
A person is criminally liable for conduct constituting an offense which he performs or causes to be performed in the name of or in behalf of a corporation to the same extent as if such conduct were performed in his own name or behalf.
TITLE C--DEFENSES
ARTICLE 25--DEFENSES IN GENERAL
Section 25.00 Defenses; burden of proof
1. When a "defense," other than an "affirmative defense," defined by statute is raised at a trial, the people have the burden of disproving such defense beyond a reasonable doubt.
2. When a defense declared by statute to be an "affirmative defense" is raised at a trial, the defendant has the burden of establishing such defense by a preponderance of the evidence.
ARTICLE 30-DEFENSE OF INFANCY
Section 30.00 Infancy
1. Except as provided in subdivision two of this section, a person less than twelve years old is not criminally responsible for conduct.
2. A person nine, ten or eleven years of age is criminally responsible for acts constituting felonies and misdemeanors but punishable only as described in Article --.
3. In any prosecution for an offense, lack of criminal responsibility by reason of infancy, as defined in this section, is a defense.
ARTICLE 35--DEFENSE OF JUSTIFICATION
Section 35.00 Justification; a defense
In any prosecution for an offense, justification, as defined in sections 35.05 through 35.30, is a defense.
Section 35.05 Justification; generally
Unless otherwise limited by the ensuing provisions of this article defining justifiable use of physical force, conduct which would otherwise constitute an offense is justifiable and not criminal when:
1. Such conduct is necessary as an emergency measure to avoid an imminent public or private injury which is about to occur by reason of a situation occasioned or developed through no fault of the actor, and which is of such gravity that, according to ordinary standards of intelligence and morality, the desirability and urgency of avoiding such injury clearly outweigh the desirability of avoiding the injury sought to be prevented by the statute defining the offense in issue. The necessity and justifiability of such conduct may not rest upon considerations pertaining only to the morality and advisability of the statute, either in its general application or with respect to its application to a particular class of cases arising thereunder. Whenever evidence relating to the defense of justification under this subdivision is offered by the defendant, the court shall rule as a matter of law whether the claimed facts and circumstances would, if established, constitute a defense.
Section 35.10 Justification; use of physical force generally
The use of physical force upon another person which would otherwise constitute an offense is justifiable and not criminal under any of the following circumstances:
1. A parent, guardian or other person entrusted with the care and supervision of a person under the age of eighteen who is not a citizen or an incompetent person, and a teacher or other person entrusted with the care and supervision of a person under the age of eighteen for a special purpose, may use physical force, but not deadly physical force, upon such person when and to the extent that he reasonably believes it necessary to maintain discipline or to promote the welfare of such person.
2. A warden or other authorized official of a jail, prison or correctional institution may, in order to maintain order and discipline, use such physical force as is authorized by the correction law.
3. A person responsible for the maintenance of order in a common carrier of passengers, or a person acting under his direction, may use physical force when and to the extent that he reasonably believes it necessary to maintain order, but he may use deadly physical force only when he reasonably believes it necessary to prevent death or serious physical injury.
4. A person acting under a reasonable belief that another person is about to commit suicide or to inflict serious physical injury upon himself may use physical force upon such person to the extent that he reasonably believes it necessary to thwart such result.
5. A duly licensed physician, or a person acting under his direction, may use physical force for the purpose of administering a recognized form of treatment which he reasonably believes to be adapted to promoting the physical or mental health of the patient if (a) the treatment is administered with the consent of the patient or, if the patient is under the age of eighteen years or an incompetent person, with the consent of his parent, guardian or other person entrusted with his care and supervision, or (b) the treatment is administered in an emergency when the physician reasonably believes that no one competent to consent can be consulted and that a reasonable person, wishing to safeguard the welfare of the patient, would consent.
6. A person may, pursuant to the ensuing provisions of this article, use physical force upon another person in defense of himself or a third person, or in defense of premises, or in order to prevent larceny of or criminal mischief to property, or in order to effect an arrest or prevent an escape from custody. Whenever a person is authorized by any such provision to use deadly physical force in any given circumstance, nothing contained in any other such provision may be deemed to negate or qualify such authorization.
Section 35.15 Justification; use of physical force in defense of a person
1. A person may, subject to the provisions of subdivision two, use physical force upon another person when and to the extent he reasonably believes such to be necessary to defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by such other person, unless:
(a) The latter's conduct was provoked by the actor himself with intent to cause physical injury to another person; or
(b) The actor was the initial aggressor; except that in such case his use of physical force is nevertheless justifiable if he has withdrawn from the encounter and effectively communicated such withdrawal to such other person but the latter persists in continuing the incident by the use or threatened imminent use of unlawful physical force; or
(c) The physical force involved is the product of a combat by agreement not specifically authorized by law.
2. A person may not use deadly physical force upon another person under circumstances specified in subdivision one unless:
(a) He reasonably believes that such other person is using or about to use deadly physical force. Even in such case, however, the actor may not use deadly physical force if he knows that he can with complete safety as to himself and others avoid the necessity of so doing by retreating; except that he is under no duty to retreat if he is:
(i) in his dwelling and not the initial aggressor; or
(ii) a police officer or peace officer or a person assisting a police officer or a peace officer at the latter's direction, acting pursuant to section 35.30; or
(b) He reasonably believes that such other person is committing or attempting to commit a kidnapping, forcible rape, forcible criminal sexual act or robbery; or
(c) He reasonably believes that such other person is committing or attempting to commit a burglary, and the circumstances are such that the use of deadly physical force is authorized by subdivision three of section 35.20.
Section 35.20 Justification; use of physical force in defense of premises and in defense of a person in the course of burglary
1. Any person may use physical force upon another person when he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate what he reasonably believes to be the commission or attempted commission by such other person of a crime involving damage to premises. He may use any degree of physical force, other than deadly physical force, which he reasonably believes to be necessary for such purpose, and he may use deadly physical force if he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate the commission or attempted commission of arson.
2. A person in possession or control of any premises, or a person licensed or privileged to be thereon or therein, may use physical force upon another person when he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate what he reasonably believes to be the commission or attempted commission by such other person of a criminal trespass upon such premises. He may use any degree of physical force, other than deadly physical force, which he reasonably believes to be necessary for such purpose, and he may use deadly physical force in order to prevent or terminate the commission or attempted commission of arson, as prescribed in subdivision one, or in the course of a burglary or attempted burglary, as prescribed in subdivision three.
3. A person in possession or control of, or licensed or privileged to be in, a dwelling or an occupied building, who reasonably believes that another person is committing or attempting to commit a burglary of such dwelling or building, may use deadly physical force upon such other person when he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate the commission or attempted commission of such burglary.
4. As used in this section, the following terms have the following meanings:
(a) The terms "premises," "building" and "dwelling" have the meanings prescribed in section 140.00;
(b) Persons "licensed or privileged" to be in buildings or upon other premises include, but are not limited to, police officers or peace officers acting in the performance of their duties.
Section 35.25 Justification; use of physical force to prevent or terminate larceny or criminal mischief
A person may use physical force, other than deadly physical force, upon another person when and to the extent that he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate what he reasonably believes to be the commission or attempted commission by such other person of larceny or of criminal mischief with respect to property other than premises.
Section 35.27 Justification; use of physical force in resisting arrest prohibited
A person may not use physical force to resist an arrest, whether authorized or unauthorized, which is being effected or attempted by a police officer or peace officer when it would reasonably appear that the latter is a police officer or peace officer.
Section 35.30 Justification; use of physical force in making an arrest or in preventing an escape
1. A police officer or a peace officer, in the course of effecting or attempting to effect an arrest, or of preventing or attempting to prevent the escape from custody, of a person whom he reasonably believes to have committed an offense, may use physical force when and to the extent he reasonably believes such to be necessary to effect the arrest, or to prevent the escape from custody, or to defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of physical force; except that he may use deadly physical force for such purposes only when he reasonably believes that:
(a) The offense committed by such person was:
(i) a felony or an attempt to commit a felony involving the use or attempted use or threatened imminent use of physical force against a person; or
(ii) kidnapping, arson, escape in the first degree, burglary in the first degree or any attempt to commit such a crime; or
(b) The offense committed or attempted by such person was a felony and that, in the course of resisting arrest therefor or attempting to escape from custody, such person is armed with a firearm or deadly weapon; or
(c) Regardless of the particular offense which is the subject of the arrest or attempted escape, the use of deadly physical force is necessary to defend the police officer or peace officer or another person from what the officer reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of deadly physical force.
2. The fact that a police officer or a peace officer is justified in using deadly physical force under circumstances prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subdivision one does not constitute justification for reckless conduct by such police officer or peace officer amounting to an offense against or with respect to innocent persons whom he is not seeking to arrest or retain in custody.
3. A person who has been directed by a police officer or a peace officer to assist such police officer or peace officer to effect an arrest or to prevent an escape from custody may use physical force, other than deadly physical force, when and to the extent that he reasonably believes such to be necessary to carry out such police officer's or peace officer's direction, unless he knows that the arrest or prospective arrest is not or was not authorized and he may use deadly physical force under such circumstances when:
(a) He reasonably believes such to be necessary to defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of deadly physical force; or
(b) He is directed or authorized by such police officer or peace officer to use deadly physical force unless he knows that the police officer or peace officer himself is not authorized to use deadly physical force under the circumstances.
4. A private person acting on his own account may use physical force, other than deadly physical force, upon another person when and to the extent that he reasonably believes such to be necessary to effect an arrest or to prevent the escape from custody of a person whom he reasonably believes to have committed an offense and who in fact has committed such offense; and he may use deadly physical force for such purpose when he reasonably believes such to be necessary to:
(a) Defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of deadly physical force; or
(b) Effect the arrest of a person who has committed murder, manslaughter in the first degree, robbery, forcible rape or forcible criminal sexual act and who is in immediate flight therefrom.
5. A guard, police officer or peace officer who is charged with the duty of guarding prisoners in a detention facility, as that term is defined in section 205.00, or while in transit to or from a detention facility, may use physical force when and to the extent that he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent the escape of a prisoner from a detention facility or from custody while in transit thereto or therefrom.
ARTICLE 40--OTHER DEFENSES INVOLVING LACK OF CULPABILITY
Section 40.00 Duress
1. In any prosecution for an offense, it is an affirmative defense that the defendant engaged in the proscribed conduct because he was coerced to do so by the use or threatened imminent use of unlawful physical force upon him or a third person, which force or threatened force a person of reasonable firmness in his situation would have been unable to resist.
2. The defense of duress as defined in subdivision one of this section is not available when a person intentionally or recklessly places himself in a situation in which it is probable that he will be subjected to duress.
Section 40.05 Entrapment
In any prosecution for an offense, it is an affirmative defense that the defendant engaged in the proscribed conduct because he was induced or encouraged to do so by a public servant, or by a person acting in cooperation with a public servant, seeking to obtain evidence against him for purpose of criminal prosecution, and when the methods used to obtain such evidence were such as to create a substantial risk that the offense would be committed by a person not otherwise disposed to commit it. Inducement or encouragement to commit an offense means active inducement or encouragement. Conduct merely affording a person an opportunity to commit an offense does not constitute entrapment.
Section 40.10 Renunciation
1. In any prosecution for an offense, other than an attempt to commit a crime, in which the defendant's guilt depends upon his criminal liability for the conduct of another person pursuant to section 20.00, it is an affirmative defense that, under circumstances manifesting a voluntary and complete renunciation of his criminal purpose, the defendant withdrew from participation in such offense prior to the commission thereof and made a substantial effort to prevent the commission thereof.
2. In any prosecution for criminal facilitation pursuant to article one hundred fifteen, it is an affirmative defense that, prior to the commission of the felony which he facilitated, the defendant made a substantial effort to prevent the commission of such felony.
3. In any prosecution pursuant to section 110.00 for an attempt to commit a crime, it is an affirmative defense that, under circumstances manifesting a voluntary and complete renunciation of his criminal purpose, the defendant avoided the commission of the crime attempted by abandoning his criminal effort and, if mere abandonment was insufficient to accomplish such avoidance, by taking further and affirmative steps which prevented the commission thereof.
4. In any prosecution for criminal solicitation pursuant to article one hundred or for conspiracy pursuant to article one hundred five in which the crime solicited or the crime contemplated by the conspiracy was not in fact committed, it is an affirmative defense that, under circumstances manifesting a voluntary and complete renunciation of his criminal purpose, the defendant prevented the commission of such crime.
5. A renunciation is not "voluntary and complete" within the meaning of this section if it is motivated in whole or in part by (a) a belief that circumstances exist which increase the probability of detection or apprehension of the defendant or another participant in the criminal enterprise, or which render more difficult the accomplishment of the criminal purpose, or (b) a decision to postpone the criminal conduct until another time or to transfer the criminal effort to another victim or another but similar objective.
Section 40.15 Mental disease or defect
In any prosecution for an offense, it is an affirmative defense that when the defendant engaged in the proscribed conduct, he lacked criminal responsibility by reason of mental disease or defect. Such lack of criminal responsibility means that at the time of such conduct, as a result of mental disease or defect, he lacked substantial capacity to know or appreciate either:
1. The nature and consequences of such conduct; or
2. That such conduct was wrong.
PART TWO--SENTENCES
TITLE E--SENTENCES
ARTICLE 55--CLASSIFICATION AND DESIGNATION OF OFFENSES
Section 55.00 Applicability of article
The provisions of this article govern the classification and designation of every offense, whether defined within or outside of this chapter.
Section 55.05 Classifications of felonies and misdemeanors
1. Felonies. Felonies are classified, for the purpose of sentence, into six categories as follows:
(a) Capital felonies,
(b) Class A felonies;
(c) Class B felonies;
(d) Class C felonies;
(e) Class D felonies; and
(f) Class E felonies.
2. Misdemeanors. Misdemeanors are classified, for the purpose of sentence, into three categories as follows:
(a) Class A misdemeanors;
(b) Class B misdemeanors; and
(c) Class C misdemeanors.
Section 55.10 Designation of offenses
1. Felonies.
(a) The particular classification or subclassification of each felony defined in this chapter is expressly designated in the section or article defining it.
(b) Any offense defined outside this chapter which is declared by law to be a felony without specification of the classification thereof, or for which a law outside this chapter provides a sentence to a term of imprisonment in excess of one year, shall be deemed a class E felony.
2. Misdemeanors.
(a) Each misdemeanor defined in this chapter is either a class A misdemeanor or a class B misdemeanor, as expressly designated in the section or article defining it.
(b) Any offense defined outside this chapter which is declared by law to be a misdemeanor without specification of the classification thereof or of the sentence therefor shall be deemed a class C misdemeanor.
Article 60 Misdemeanors
Section 60.00 General
All persons convicted of Misdemeanors shall be sentenced in accordance with this article.
Section 60.05 Definitions
1. “More serious offence” an offence of a class for which the basic law authorizes the imposition of a greater penalty than the offence under discussion.
2. “Equal offence” an offence of the same class as the offence under discussion.
3. “First offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has not previously been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of the Principality.
4. “Second offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has previously been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of the Principality who is not a third offender, fourth offender, fifth offender, or subsequent offender.
5. “Third offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has previously been convicted of two equal or more serious offences.
6. “Fourth offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has previously been convicted of three equal or more serious offences.
7. “Fifth offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has previously been convicted of four equal or more serious offences.
8. “Subsequent offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has previously been convicted of five equal or more serious offences.
Section 60.10 Fines
1. Fines shall be assessed in all cases of criminal mischief, larceny, robbery, burglary, fraud, or criminal physical injury and shall be equal to twice the value of the property destroyed, damaged, stolen, or the cost of the medical care for the person injured. Half of the fine shall be paid in restitution to the damaged party and the rest shall be revenue to the principality.
2. Persons convicted of a misdemeanor shall be liable to a charge for court costs equal to the cost of their trial, but not to exceed 5,000 silver pennies.
3. Persons convicted of a crime who are determined by the court to be indigent may be sentenced to up to 14 days of involuntary labor in full satisfaction of the fine and court costs. The labor of a person so sentenced shall be first used to physicaly repair as much of the damage to the victim as the person sentenced is actually capable of doing. The rest of the convicts labor shall be used in cleaning public streets or the grounds of public buildings.
Section 60.15 First Offenders
1. All persons convicted as first offenders shall be sentenced to watch the administration of a total of 48 lashes of corporal punishment at least 12 of which shall have been administered to one offender. After the administration of 12 or more lashes on the same person, the instrument of punishment shall be brought before the first offender preferably while the blood of the person punished is still wet on the instrument and the first offender shall be admonished in the strongest terms of the immorality and social disutility of his crime and shall be warned that if he persists in his malefactions the blood on instrument shall soon be his or her own.
Section 60.20 Class C Misdemeanors
1. A second offender convicted of a Class C Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than one and no more than three lashes.
2. A third offender convicted of a Class C Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than four and no more than six lashes.
3. A fourth offender convicted of a Class C Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than seven and no more than nine lashes and from one to fifteen days of imprisonment.
4. A fifth offender convicted of a Class C Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than nine and no more than twelve lashes and no less than fifteen and no more than thirty days of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class C Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than thirty and no more than ninety-one days of imprisonment.
Section 60.25 Class B Misdemeanors
1. A second offender convicted of a Class B Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than one and no more than four lashes.
2. A third offender convicted of a Class B Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than five and no more than eight lashes.
3. A fourth offender convicted of a Class B Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than nine and no more than twelve lashes and from one to thirty days of imprisonment.
4. A fifth offender convicted of a Class B Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than thirty and no more than ninety days of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class B Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than ninety and no more than one hundred and eighty two days of imprisonment.
Section 60.30 Class A Misdemeanors
1. A second offender convicted of a Class A Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than one and no more than six lashes.
2. A third offender convicted of a Class A Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than seven and no more than twelve lashes and from one to thirty days of imprisonment.
3. A fourth offender convicted of a Class A Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than thirty and no more than sixty days of imprisonment.
4. A fifth offender convicted of a Class A Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than sixty and no more than one hundred and twenty days of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class A Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than one hundred and twenty and no more than three hundred and sixty four days of imprisonment.
Section 60.35 Exile and Outlaw
1. A person other than a citizen or resident national of the principality who is sentenced to imprisonment shall instead be sentenced to be turned over to the custody of his or her government of origin and shall be exiled from the territory of the Dual Principality for the term that he or she would have been imprisoned. The court shall issue an order removing the protection of the law of the principality from the person for the duration of the period of exile.
Article 65 Felonies Other than Capital
Section 65.00 General
All persons convicted of Felonies other than Capital Felonies shall be sentenced in accordance with this article.
Section 65.05 Definitions
1. “First offender” a person convicted of a felony who has not previously been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of the Principality or any shire thereof.
2. “Second offender” a person convicted of a felony who has previously been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of the Principality or any shire thereof who is not a third offender, fourth offender, or subsequent offender.
3. “Third offender” a person convicted of a felony who has previously been convicted of two felonies.
4. “Fourth offender” a person convicted of a felony who has previously been convicted of three felonies.
5 “Subsequent offender” a person convicted of a felony who has previously been convicted of four or more felonies.
Section 65.10 Fines
1. Fines shall be assessed in all cases of property destruction, theft, fraud, or criminal physical injury and shall be equal to twice the value of the property destroyed, damaged, stolen, or the cost of the medical care for the person injured. Half of the fine shall be paid in restitution to the damaged party and the rest shall be revenue to the principality.
2. Persons convicted of a misdemeanor shall be liable to a charge for court costs equal to the cost of their trial, but not to exceed 20,000 silver pennies.
3. Persons convicted of a felony who are determined by the court to be indigent may be sentenced to up to 30 days of involuntary labor in full satisfaction of the fine and court costs. The labor of a person so sentenced shall be first used to physical repair as much of the damage to the victim as the person sentenced is actually capable of doing. The rest of the convicts labor shall be used in cleaning public streets or the grounds of public buildings.
Section 65.15 Class E Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Class E Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve and no more than twenty-four lashes and one year of imprisonment with the sentence of imprisonment suspended on the condition that the person not be convicted of any misdemeanor or felony during the following twenty years.
2. A second offender convicted of a Class E Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than eighteen and no more than twenty-four lashes and from one to two years of imprisonment.
3. A third offender convicted of a Class E Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twenty-four lashes and from two to three years of imprisonment.
4. A fourth offender convicted of a Class E Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twenty-four lashes and two and one half to three years of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class E Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twenty-four lashes and three years of imprisonment.
Section 65.20 Class D Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Class D Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than eighteen and no more than thirty-six lashes and three years of imprisonment with the sentence of imprisonment suspended on the condition that the person not be convicted of any misdemeanor or felony during the following twenty years.
2. A second offender convicted of a Class D Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twenty-four and no more than thirty-six lashes and from three to four years of imprisonment.
3. A third offender convicted of a Class D Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty and no more than thirty-six lashes and from four to five years of imprisonment.
4. A fourth offender convicted of a Class D Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and five to six years of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class D Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and six years of imprisonment.
Section 65.25 Class C Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Class C Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twenty-four and no more than thirty-six lashes and six years of imprisonment.
2. A second offender convicted of a Class C Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty and no more than thirty-six lashes and from six to seven years of imprisonment.
3. A third offender convicted of a Class C Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and from seven to nine years of imprisonment.
4. A fourth offender convicted of a Class C Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and eight to nine years of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class C Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and nine years of imprisonment.
Section 65.30 Class B Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Class B Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty and no more than thirty-six lashes and nine years of imprisonment.
2. A second offender convicted of a Class B Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and from nine to twelve years of imprisonment.
3. A third offender convicted of a Class B Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and from twelve to fifteen years of imprisonment.
4. A fourth or subsequent offender convicted of a Class B Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and fifteen years of imprisonment.
Section 65.30 Class A Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Class A Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes, fifteen years of imprisonment, and to watch the administration of capital punishment.
2. A second offender convicted of a Class A Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes, from fifteen to twenty-one years of imprisonment, and to watch the administration of capital punishment.
3. A third offender convicted of a Class A Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes, from twenty-one to thirty years of imprisonment, and to watch the administration of capital punishment.
4. A fourth or subsequent offender convicted of a Class A Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes, thirty years of imprisonment, and to watch the administration of capital punishment.
Section 65.35 Exile and Outlaw
1. A person other than a citizen or resident national of the principality who is sentenced to imprisonment shall instead be sentenced to be turned over to the custody of his or her government of origin and shall be exiled from the territory of the Dual Principality for the term that he or she would have been imprisoned. The court shall issue an order removing the protection of the law of the principality from the person for the duration of the period of exile.
Article 70 Capital Felonies
Section 70.00 General
All persons convicted of Capital Felonies shall be sentenced in accordance with this article.
Section 70.05 Definitions
1. “First offender” a person convicted of a capital felony who has not previously been convicted of a capital felony under the laws of the Principality or any shire thereof.
4. “Second offender” a person convicted of a capital felony who has previously been convicted of a capital felony by a separate jury under the laws of the Principality or any shire thereof.
Section 70.10 Capital Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Capital Felony shall be sentenced to life in prison and to watch the administration of capital punishment.
2. A second offender convicted of a Capital Felony shall be sentenced to be hung by the neck until dead.
Article 75 Corporal Punishment
Section 75.00 General
All persons sentenced to corporal punishment shall be punished as here in after detailed.
Section 75.05 Definitions
1. “The convict” the person convicted of a crime who is to receive corporal punishment.
2. “
Section 75.10 Speedy Execution of Sentence
1. A convict shall have punishment executed within 14 days of sentencing, unless the convict has appealed his or her conviction or sentence to a higher court.
2. A convict who has appealed his or her conviction shall have punishment executed within 14 days of the laps of his last appeal.
Section 75.15 Execution of Sentence
1. On the day appointed for the execution of sentence the convict shall be brought to the appointed place where he shall be stripped of his shirt. The convict shall be given a mouth guard to bite on. The convict’s wrists shall be tied in front of him.
2. The convict shall be marched before those sentenced or allowed to watch the execution of his sentence. He shall be taken to the wipping post. The rope binding the prisoners hands shall looped over an adjustable hook
Article 80 Capitol Punishment
Article 85 Witness of Capitol Punishment
Article 90 Imprisonment
Article 95 Exile and Outlaw
TITLE E--SENTENCES
ARTICLE 55--CLASSIFICATION AND DESIGNATION OF OFFENSES
Section 55.00 Applicability of article
The provisions of this article govern the classification and designation of every offense, whether defined within or outside of this chapter.
Section 55.05 Classifications of felonies and misdemeanors
1. Felonies. Felonies are classified, for the purpose of sentence, into six categories as follows:
(a) Capital felonies,
(b) Class A felonies;
(c) Class B felonies;
(d) Class C felonies;
(e) Class D felonies; and
(f) Class E felonies.
2. Misdemeanors. Misdemeanors are classified, for the purpose of sentence, into three categories as follows:
(a) Class A misdemeanors;
(b) Class B misdemeanors; and
(c) Class C misdemeanors.
Section 55.10 Designation of offenses
1. Felonies.
(a) The particular classification or subclassification of each felony defined in this chapter is expressly designated in the section or article defining it.
(b) Any offense defined outside this chapter which is declared by law to be a felony without specification of the classification thereof, or for which a law outside this chapter provides a sentence to a term of imprisonment in excess of one year, shall be deemed a class E felony.
2. Misdemeanors.
(a) Each misdemeanor defined in this chapter is either a class A misdemeanor or a class B misdemeanor, as expressly designated in the section or article defining it.
(b) Any offense defined outside this chapter which is declared by law to be a misdemeanor without specification of the classification thereof or of the sentence therefor shall be deemed a class C misdemeanor.
Article 60 Misdemeanors
Section 60.00 General
All persons convicted of Misdemeanors shall be sentenced in accordance with this article.
Section 60.05 Definitions
1. “More serious offence” an offence of a class for which the basic law authorizes the imposition of a greater penalty than the offence under discussion.
2. “Equal offence” an offence of the same class as the offence under discussion.
3. “First offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has not previously been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of the Principality.
4. “Second offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has previously been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of the Principality who is not a third offender, fourth offender, fifth offender, or subsequent offender.
5. “Third offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has previously been convicted of two equal or more serious offences.
6. “Fourth offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has previously been convicted of three equal or more serious offences.
7. “Fifth offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has previously been convicted of four equal or more serious offences.
8. “Subsequent offender” a person convicted of a misdemeanor who has previously been convicted of five equal or more serious offences.
Section 60.10 Fines
1. Fines shall be assessed in all cases of criminal mischief, larceny, robbery, burglary, fraud, or criminal physical injury and shall be equal to twice the value of the property destroyed, damaged, stolen, or the cost of the medical care for the person injured. Half of the fine shall be paid in restitution to the damaged party and the rest shall be revenue to the principality.
2. Persons convicted of a misdemeanor shall be liable to a charge for court costs equal to the cost of their trial, but not to exceed 5,000 silver pennies.
3. Persons convicted of a crime who are determined by the court to be indigent may be sentenced to up to 14 days of involuntary labor in full satisfaction of the fine and court costs. The labor of a person so sentenced shall be first used to physicaly repair as much of the damage to the victim as the person sentenced is actually capable of doing. The rest of the convicts labor shall be used in cleaning public streets or the grounds of public buildings.
Section 60.15 First Offenders
1. All persons convicted as first offenders shall be sentenced to watch the administration of a total of 48 lashes of corporal punishment at least 12 of which shall have been administered to one offender. After the administration of 12 or more lashes on the same person, the instrument of punishment shall be brought before the first offender preferably while the blood of the person punished is still wet on the instrument and the first offender shall be admonished in the strongest terms of the immorality and social disutility of his crime and shall be warned that if he persists in his malefactions the blood on instrument shall soon be his or her own.
Section 60.20 Class C Misdemeanors
1. A second offender convicted of a Class C Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than one and no more than three lashes.
2. A third offender convicted of a Class C Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than four and no more than six lashes.
3. A fourth offender convicted of a Class C Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than seven and no more than nine lashes and from one to fifteen days of imprisonment.
4. A fifth offender convicted of a Class C Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than nine and no more than twelve lashes and no less than fifteen and no more than thirty days of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class C Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than thirty and no more than ninety-one days of imprisonment.
Section 60.25 Class B Misdemeanors
1. A second offender convicted of a Class B Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than one and no more than four lashes.
2. A third offender convicted of a Class B Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than five and no more than eight lashes.
3. A fourth offender convicted of a Class B Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than nine and no more than twelve lashes and from one to thirty days of imprisonment.
4. A fifth offender convicted of a Class B Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than thirty and no more than ninety days of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class B Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than ninety and no more than one hundred and eighty two days of imprisonment.
Section 60.30 Class A Misdemeanors
1. A second offender convicted of a Class A Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than one and no more than six lashes.
2. A third offender convicted of a Class A Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than seven and no more than twelve lashes and from one to thirty days of imprisonment.
3. A fourth offender convicted of a Class A Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than thirty and no more than sixty days of imprisonment.
4. A fifth offender convicted of a Class A Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than sixty and no more than one hundred and twenty days of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class A Misdemeanor shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve lashes and no less than one hundred and twenty and no more than three hundred and sixty four days of imprisonment.
Section 60.35 Exile and Outlaw
1. A person other than a citizen or resident national of the principality who is sentenced to imprisonment shall instead be sentenced to be turned over to the custody of his or her government of origin and shall be exiled from the territory of the Dual Principality for the term that he or she would have been imprisoned. The court shall issue an order removing the protection of the law of the principality from the person for the duration of the period of exile.
Article 65 Felonies Other than Capital
Section 65.00 General
All persons convicted of Felonies other than Capital Felonies shall be sentenced in accordance with this article.
Section 65.05 Definitions
1. “First offender” a person convicted of a felony who has not previously been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of the Principality or any shire thereof.
2. “Second offender” a person convicted of a felony who has previously been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of the Principality or any shire thereof who is not a third offender, fourth offender, or subsequent offender.
3. “Third offender” a person convicted of a felony who has previously been convicted of two felonies.
4. “Fourth offender” a person convicted of a felony who has previously been convicted of three felonies.
5 “Subsequent offender” a person convicted of a felony who has previously been convicted of four or more felonies.
Section 65.10 Fines
1. Fines shall be assessed in all cases of property destruction, theft, fraud, or criminal physical injury and shall be equal to twice the value of the property destroyed, damaged, stolen, or the cost of the medical care for the person injured. Half of the fine shall be paid in restitution to the damaged party and the rest shall be revenue to the principality.
2. Persons convicted of a misdemeanor shall be liable to a charge for court costs equal to the cost of their trial, but not to exceed 20,000 silver pennies.
3. Persons convicted of a felony who are determined by the court to be indigent may be sentenced to up to 30 days of involuntary labor in full satisfaction of the fine and court costs. The labor of a person so sentenced shall be first used to physical repair as much of the damage to the victim as the person sentenced is actually capable of doing. The rest of the convicts labor shall be used in cleaning public streets or the grounds of public buildings.
Section 65.15 Class E Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Class E Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twelve and no more than twenty-four lashes and one year of imprisonment with the sentence of imprisonment suspended on the condition that the person not be convicted of any misdemeanor or felony during the following twenty years.
2. A second offender convicted of a Class E Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than eighteen and no more than twenty-four lashes and from one to two years of imprisonment.
3. A third offender convicted of a Class E Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twenty-four lashes and from two to three years of imprisonment.
4. A fourth offender convicted of a Class E Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twenty-four lashes and two and one half to three years of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class E Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twenty-four lashes and three years of imprisonment.
Section 65.20 Class D Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Class D Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than eighteen and no more than thirty-six lashes and three years of imprisonment with the sentence of imprisonment suspended on the condition that the person not be convicted of any misdemeanor or felony during the following twenty years.
2. A second offender convicted of a Class D Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twenty-four and no more than thirty-six lashes and from three to four years of imprisonment.
3. A third offender convicted of a Class D Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty and no more than thirty-six lashes and from four to five years of imprisonment.
4. A fourth offender convicted of a Class D Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and five to six years of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class D Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and six years of imprisonment.
Section 65.25 Class C Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Class C Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than twenty-four and no more than thirty-six lashes and six years of imprisonment.
2. A second offender convicted of a Class C Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty and no more than thirty-six lashes and from six to seven years of imprisonment.
3. A third offender convicted of a Class C Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and from seven to nine years of imprisonment.
4. A fourth offender convicted of a Class C Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and eight to nine years of imprisonment.
5. A subsequent offender convicted of a Class C Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and nine years of imprisonment.
Section 65.30 Class B Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Class B Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty and no more than thirty-six lashes and nine years of imprisonment.
2. A second offender convicted of a Class B Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and from nine to twelve years of imprisonment.
3. A third offender convicted of a Class B Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and from twelve to fifteen years of imprisonment.
4. A fourth or subsequent offender convicted of a Class B Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes and fifteen years of imprisonment.
Section 65.30 Class A Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Class A Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes, fifteen years of imprisonment, and to watch the administration of capital punishment.
2. A second offender convicted of a Class A Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes, from fifteen to twenty-one years of imprisonment, and to watch the administration of capital punishment.
3. A third offender convicted of a Class A Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes, from twenty-one to thirty years of imprisonment, and to watch the administration of capital punishment.
4. A fourth or subsequent offender convicted of a Class A Felony shall be sentenced to receive no less than thirty-six lashes, thirty years of imprisonment, and to watch the administration of capital punishment.
Section 65.35 Exile and Outlaw
1. A person other than a citizen or resident national of the principality who is sentenced to imprisonment shall instead be sentenced to be turned over to the custody of his or her government of origin and shall be exiled from the territory of the Dual Principality for the term that he or she would have been imprisoned. The court shall issue an order removing the protection of the law of the principality from the person for the duration of the period of exile.
Article 70 Capital Felonies
Section 70.00 General
All persons convicted of Capital Felonies shall be sentenced in accordance with this article.
Section 70.05 Definitions
1. “First offender” a person convicted of a capital felony who has not previously been convicted of a capital felony under the laws of the Principality or any shire thereof.
4. “Second offender” a person convicted of a capital felony who has previously been convicted of a capital felony by a separate jury under the laws of the Principality or any shire thereof.
Section 70.10 Capital Felonies
1. A first offender convicted of a Capital Felony shall be sentenced to life in prison and to watch the administration of capital punishment.
2. A second offender convicted of a Capital Felony shall be sentenced to be hung by the neck until dead.
Article 75 Corporal Punishment
Section 75.00 General
All persons sentenced to corporal punishment shall be punished as here in after detailed.
Section 75.05 Definitions
1. “The convict” the person convicted of a crime who is to receive corporal punishment.
2. “
Section 75.10 Speedy Execution of Sentence
1. A convict shall have punishment executed within 14 days of sentencing, unless the convict has appealed his or her conviction or sentence to a higher court.
2. A convict who has appealed his or her conviction shall have punishment executed within 14 days of the laps of his last appeal.
Section 75.15 Execution of Sentence
1. On the day appointed for the execution of sentence the convict shall be brought to the appointed place where he shall be stripped of his shirt. The convict shall be given a mouth guard to bite on. The convict’s wrists shall be tied in front of him.
2. The convict shall be marched before those sentenced or allowed to watch the execution of his sentence. He shall be taken to the wipping post. The rope binding the prisoners hands shall looped over an adjustable hook
Article 80 Capitol Punishment
Article 85 Witness of Capitol Punishment
Article 90 Imprisonment
Article 95 Exile and Outlaw
PART THREE--SPECIFIC OFFENSES
TITLE G--ANTICIPATORY OFFENSES
ARTICLE 100--CRIMINAL SOLICITATION
Section 100.00 Criminal solicitation in the fifth degree
A person is guilty of criminal solicitation in the fifth degree when, with intent that another person engage in conduct constituting a crime, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct.
Criminal solicitation in the fifth degree is a Class C Misdemeanor.
Section 100.05 Criminal solicitation in the fourth degree
A person is guilty of criminal solicitation in the fourth degree when:
1. with intent that another person engage in conduct constituting a felony, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct; or
2. being over sixteen years of age, with intent that another person under twelve years of age engage in conduct that would constitute a crime, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct.
Criminal solicitation in the fourth degree is a class A misdemeanor.
Section 100.08 Criminal solicitation in the third degree
A person is guilty of criminal solicitation in the third degree when, being over sixteen years of age, with intent that another person under twelve years of age engage in conduct that would constitute a felony, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct.
Criminal solicitation in the third degree is a class E felony.
Section 100.10 Criminal solicitation in the second degree
A person is guilty of criminal solicitation in the second degree when, with intent that another person engage in conduct constituting a class A or capital felony, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct.
Criminal solicitation in the second degree is a class D felony.
Section 100.13 Criminal solicitation in the first degree
A person is guilty of criminal solicitation in the first degree when, being over sixteen years of age, with intent that another person under twelve years of age engage in conduct that would constitute a class A or capital felony, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct.
Criminal solicitation in the first degree is a class C felony.
Section 100.15 Criminal solicitation; no defense
It is no defense to a prosecution for criminal solicitation that the person solicited could not be guilty of the crime solicited owing to criminal irresponsibility or other legal incapacity or exemption, or to unawareness of the criminal nature of the conduct solicited or of the defendant's criminal purpose or to other factors precluding the mental state required for the commission of the crime in question.
Section 100.20 Criminal solicitation; exemption
A person is not guilty of criminal solicitation when his solicitation constitutes conduct of a kind that is necessarily incidental to the commission of the crime solicited. When under such circumstances the solicitation constitutes an offense other than criminal solicitation which is related to but separate from the crime solicited, the actor is guilty of such related and separate offense only and not of criminal solicitation.
ARTICLE 105--CONSPIRACY
Section 105.00 Conspiracy in the sixth degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the sixth degree when, with intent that conduct constituting a crime be performed, he agrees with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the sixth degree is a class B misdemeanor.
Section 105.05 Conspiracy in the fifth degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the fifth degree when, with intent that conduct constituting:
1. a felony be performed, he agrees with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct; or
2. a crime be performed, he, being over sixteen years of age, agrees with one or more persons under twelve years of age to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the fifth degree is a class A misdemeanor.
Section 105.10 Conspiracy in the fourth degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the fourth degree when, with intent that conduct constituting:
1. a class B or class C felony be performed, he or she agrees with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct; or
2. a felony be performed, he or she, being over sixteen years of age, agrees with one or more persons under twelve years of age to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct; or
3. the felony of money laundering in the third degree as defined in section 470.10 of this chapter, be performed, he or she agrees with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the fourth degree is a class E felony.
Section 105.13 Conspiracy in the third degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the third degree when, with intent that conduct constituting a class B or a class C felony be performed, he, being over sixteen years of age, agrees with one or more persons under twelve years of age to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the third degree is a class D felony.
Section 105.15 Conspiracy in the second degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the second degree when, with intent that conduct constituting a class A or capital felony be performed, he agrees with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the second degree is a class C felony.
Section 105.17 Conspiracy in the first degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the first degree when, with intent that conduct constituting a class A or capital felony be performed, he, being over eighteen years of age, agrees with one or more persons under sixteen years of age to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the first degree is a class B felony.
Section 105.20 Conspiracy; pleading and proof; necessity of overt act
A person shall not be convicted of conspiracy unless an overt act is alleged and proved to have been committed by one of the conspirators in furtherance of the conspiracy.
Section 105.25 Conspiracy; jurisdiction and venue
1. A person may be prosecuted for conspiracy in the county in which he entered into such conspiracy or in any county in which an overt act in furtherance thereof was committed.
2. An agreement made within this state to engage in or cause the performance of conduct in another jurisdiction is punishable herein as a conspiracy only when such conduct would constitute a crime both under the laws of this state if performed herein and under the laws of the other jurisdiction if performed therein.
3. An agreement made in another jurisdiction to engage in or cause the performance of conduct within this state, which would constitute a crime herein, is punishable herein only when an overt act in furtherance of such conspiracy is committed within this state. Under such circumstances, it is no defense to a prosecution for conspiracy that the conduct which is the objective of the conspiracy would not constitute a crime under the laws of the other jurisdiction if performed therein.
Section 105.30 Conspiracy; no defense
It is no defense to a prosecution for conspiracy that, owing to criminal irresponsibility or other legal incapacity or exemption, or to unawareness of the criminal nature of the agreement or the object conduct or of the defendant's criminal purpose or to other factors precluding the mental state required for the commission of conspiracy or the object crime, one or more of the defendant's co-conspirators could not be guilty of conspiracy or the object crime.
Section 105.35 Conspiracy; enterprise corruption: applicability
For purposes of this article, conspiracy to commit the crime of enterprise corruption in violation of section 460.20 of this chapter shall not constitute an offense.
ARTICLE 110--ATTEMPT
Section 110.00 Attempt to commit a crime
A person is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime when, with intent to commit a crime, he engages in conduct which tends to effect the commission of such crime.
Section 110.05 Attempt to commit a crime; punishment
An attempt to commit a crime is a:
1. Class A felony when the crime attempted is a capitol felony;
2. Class B felony when the crime attempted is a class A felony;
3. Class C felony when the crime attempted is a class B felony;
4. Class D felony when the crime attempted is a class C felony;
5. Class E felony when the crime attempted is a class D felony;
6. Class A misdemeanor when the crime attempted is a class E felony;
8. Class B misdemeanor when the crime attempted is a class A misdemeanor;
9. Class C misdemeanor when the crime attempted is a class B or C misdemeanor.
Section 110.10 Attempt to commit a crime; no defense
If the conduct in which a person engages otherwise constitutes an attempt to commit a crime pursuant to section 110.00, it is no defense to a prosecution for such attempt that the crime charged to have been attempted was, under the attendant circumstances, factually or legally impossible of commission, if such crime could have been committed had the attendant circumstances been as such person believed them to be.
ARTICLE 115--CRIMINAL FACILITATION
Section 115.00 Criminal facilitation in the fourth degree
A person is guilty of criminal facilitation in the fourth degree when, believing it probable that he is rendering aid:
1. to a person who intends to commit a crime, he engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to commit a felony; or
2. to a person under twelve years of age who intends to engage in conduct which would constitute a crime, he, being over sixeteen years of age, engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to commit a crime.
Criminal facilitation in the fourth degree is a class A misdemeanor.
Section 115.01 Criminal facilitation in the third degree
A person guilty of criminal facilitation in the third degree, when believing it probable that he is rendering aid to a person under twelve years of age who intends to engage in conduct that would constitute a felony, he, being over sixteen years of age, engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to commit a felony.
Criminal facilitation in the third degree is a class E felony.
Section 115.05 Criminal facilitation in the second degree
A person is guilty of criminal facilitation in the second degree when, believing it probable that he is rendering aid to a person who intends to commit a class A or capital felony, he engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to commit such class A felony.
Criminal facilitation in the second degree is a class C felony.
Section 115.08 Criminal facilitation in the first degree
A person is guilty of criminal facilitation in the first degree when, believing it probable that he is rendering aid to a person under twelve years of age who intends to engage in conduct that would constitute a class A felony, he, being over sixteen years of age, engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to commit such a class A felony.
Criminal facilitation in the first degree is a class B felony.
Section 115.10 Criminal facilitation; no defense
It is no defense to a prosecution for criminal facilitation that:
1. The person facilitated was not guilty of the underlying felony owing to criminal irresponsibility or other legal incapacity or exemption, or to unawareness of the criminal nature of the conduct in question or to other factors precluding the mental state required for the commission of such felony; or
2. The person facilitated has not been prosecuted for or convicted of the underlying felony, or has previously been acquitted thereof; or
3. The defendant himself is not guilty of the felony which he facilitated because he did not act with the intent or other culpable mental state required for the commission thereof.
Section 115.15 Criminal facilitation; corroboration
A person shall not be convicted of criminal facilitation upon the testimony of a person who has committed the felony charged to have been facilitated unless such testimony be corroborated by such other evidence as tends to connect the defendant with such facilitation.
TITLE G--ANTICIPATORY OFFENSES
ARTICLE 100--CRIMINAL SOLICITATION
Section 100.00 Criminal solicitation in the fifth degree
A person is guilty of criminal solicitation in the fifth degree when, with intent that another person engage in conduct constituting a crime, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct.
Criminal solicitation in the fifth degree is a Class C Misdemeanor.
Section 100.05 Criminal solicitation in the fourth degree
A person is guilty of criminal solicitation in the fourth degree when:
1. with intent that another person engage in conduct constituting a felony, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct; or
2. being over sixteen years of age, with intent that another person under twelve years of age engage in conduct that would constitute a crime, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct.
Criminal solicitation in the fourth degree is a class A misdemeanor.
Section 100.08 Criminal solicitation in the third degree
A person is guilty of criminal solicitation in the third degree when, being over sixteen years of age, with intent that another person under twelve years of age engage in conduct that would constitute a felony, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct.
Criminal solicitation in the third degree is a class E felony.
Section 100.10 Criminal solicitation in the second degree
A person is guilty of criminal solicitation in the second degree when, with intent that another person engage in conduct constituting a class A or capital felony, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct.
Criminal solicitation in the second degree is a class D felony.
Section 100.13 Criminal solicitation in the first degree
A person is guilty of criminal solicitation in the first degree when, being over sixteen years of age, with intent that another person under twelve years of age engage in conduct that would constitute a class A or capital felony, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct.
Criminal solicitation in the first degree is a class C felony.
Section 100.15 Criminal solicitation; no defense
It is no defense to a prosecution for criminal solicitation that the person solicited could not be guilty of the crime solicited owing to criminal irresponsibility or other legal incapacity or exemption, or to unawareness of the criminal nature of the conduct solicited or of the defendant's criminal purpose or to other factors precluding the mental state required for the commission of the crime in question.
Section 100.20 Criminal solicitation; exemption
A person is not guilty of criminal solicitation when his solicitation constitutes conduct of a kind that is necessarily incidental to the commission of the crime solicited. When under such circumstances the solicitation constitutes an offense other than criminal solicitation which is related to but separate from the crime solicited, the actor is guilty of such related and separate offense only and not of criminal solicitation.
ARTICLE 105--CONSPIRACY
Section 105.00 Conspiracy in the sixth degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the sixth degree when, with intent that conduct constituting a crime be performed, he agrees with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the sixth degree is a class B misdemeanor.
Section 105.05 Conspiracy in the fifth degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the fifth degree when, with intent that conduct constituting:
1. a felony be performed, he agrees with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct; or
2. a crime be performed, he, being over sixteen years of age, agrees with one or more persons under twelve years of age to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the fifth degree is a class A misdemeanor.
Section 105.10 Conspiracy in the fourth degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the fourth degree when, with intent that conduct constituting:
1. a class B or class C felony be performed, he or she agrees with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct; or
2. a felony be performed, he or she, being over sixteen years of age, agrees with one or more persons under twelve years of age to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct; or
3. the felony of money laundering in the third degree as defined in section 470.10 of this chapter, be performed, he or she agrees with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the fourth degree is a class E felony.
Section 105.13 Conspiracy in the third degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the third degree when, with intent that conduct constituting a class B or a class C felony be performed, he, being over sixteen years of age, agrees with one or more persons under twelve years of age to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the third degree is a class D felony.
Section 105.15 Conspiracy in the second degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the second degree when, with intent that conduct constituting a class A or capital felony be performed, he agrees with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the second degree is a class C felony.
Section 105.17 Conspiracy in the first degree
A person is guilty of conspiracy in the first degree when, with intent that conduct constituting a class A or capital felony be performed, he, being over eighteen years of age, agrees with one or more persons under sixteen years of age to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct.
Conspiracy in the first degree is a class B felony.
Section 105.20 Conspiracy; pleading and proof; necessity of overt act
A person shall not be convicted of conspiracy unless an overt act is alleged and proved to have been committed by one of the conspirators in furtherance of the conspiracy.
Section 105.25 Conspiracy; jurisdiction and venue
1. A person may be prosecuted for conspiracy in the county in which he entered into such conspiracy or in any county in which an overt act in furtherance thereof was committed.
2. An agreement made within this state to engage in or cause the performance of conduct in another jurisdiction is punishable herein as a conspiracy only when such conduct would constitute a crime both under the laws of this state if performed herein and under the laws of the other jurisdiction if performed therein.
3. An agreement made in another jurisdiction to engage in or cause the performance of conduct within this state, which would constitute a crime herein, is punishable herein only when an overt act in furtherance of such conspiracy is committed within this state. Under such circumstances, it is no defense to a prosecution for conspiracy that the conduct which is the objective of the conspiracy would not constitute a crime under the laws of the other jurisdiction if performed therein.
Section 105.30 Conspiracy; no defense
It is no defense to a prosecution for conspiracy that, owing to criminal irresponsibility or other legal incapacity or exemption, or to unawareness of the criminal nature of the agreement or the object conduct or of the defendant's criminal purpose or to other factors precluding the mental state required for the commission of conspiracy or the object crime, one or more of the defendant's co-conspirators could not be guilty of conspiracy or the object crime.
Section 105.35 Conspiracy; enterprise corruption: applicability
For purposes of this article, conspiracy to commit the crime of enterprise corruption in violation of section 460.20 of this chapter shall not constitute an offense.
ARTICLE 110--ATTEMPT
Section 110.00 Attempt to commit a crime
A person is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime when, with intent to commit a crime, he engages in conduct which tends to effect the commission of such crime.
Section 110.05 Attempt to commit a crime; punishment
An attempt to commit a crime is a:
1. Class A felony when the crime attempted is a capitol felony;
2. Class B felony when the crime attempted is a class A felony;
3. Class C felony when the crime attempted is a class B felony;
4. Class D felony when the crime attempted is a class C felony;
5. Class E felony when the crime attempted is a class D felony;
6. Class A misdemeanor when the crime attempted is a class E felony;
8. Class B misdemeanor when the crime attempted is a class A misdemeanor;
9. Class C misdemeanor when the crime attempted is a class B or C misdemeanor.
Section 110.10 Attempt to commit a crime; no defense
If the conduct in which a person engages otherwise constitutes an attempt to commit a crime pursuant to section 110.00, it is no defense to a prosecution for such attempt that the crime charged to have been attempted was, under the attendant circumstances, factually or legally impossible of commission, if such crime could have been committed had the attendant circumstances been as such person believed them to be.
ARTICLE 115--CRIMINAL FACILITATION
Section 115.00 Criminal facilitation in the fourth degree
A person is guilty of criminal facilitation in the fourth degree when, believing it probable that he is rendering aid:
1. to a person who intends to commit a crime, he engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to commit a felony; or
2. to a person under twelve years of age who intends to engage in conduct which would constitute a crime, he, being over sixeteen years of age, engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to commit a crime.
Criminal facilitation in the fourth degree is a class A misdemeanor.
Section 115.01 Criminal facilitation in the third degree
A person guilty of criminal facilitation in the third degree, when believing it probable that he is rendering aid to a person under twelve years of age who intends to engage in conduct that would constitute a felony, he, being over sixteen years of age, engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to commit a felony.
Criminal facilitation in the third degree is a class E felony.
Section 115.05 Criminal facilitation in the second degree
A person is guilty of criminal facilitation in the second degree when, believing it probable that he is rendering aid to a person who intends to commit a class A or capital felony, he engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to commit such class A felony.
Criminal facilitation in the second degree is a class C felony.
Section 115.08 Criminal facilitation in the first degree
A person is guilty of criminal facilitation in the first degree when, believing it probable that he is rendering aid to a person under twelve years of age who intends to engage in conduct that would constitute a class A felony, he, being over sixteen years of age, engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to commit such a class A felony.
Criminal facilitation in the first degree is a class B felony.
Section 115.10 Criminal facilitation; no defense
It is no defense to a prosecution for criminal facilitation that:
1. The person facilitated was not guilty of the underlying felony owing to criminal irresponsibility or other legal incapacity or exemption, or to unawareness of the criminal nature of the conduct in question or to other factors precluding the mental state required for the commission of such felony; or
2. The person facilitated has not been prosecuted for or convicted of the underlying felony, or has previously been acquitted thereof; or
3. The defendant himself is not guilty of the felony which he facilitated because he did not act with the intent or other culpable mental state required for the commission thereof.
Section 115.15 Criminal facilitation; corroboration
A person shall not be convicted of criminal facilitation upon the testimony of a person who has committed the felony charged to have been facilitated unless such testimony be corroborated by such other evidence as tends to connect the defendant with such facilitation.
TITLE H--OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON INVOLVING PHYSICAL INJURY,
SEXUAL CONDUCT, RESTRAINT AND INTIMIDATION
ARTICLE 120--ASSAULT AND RELATED OFFENSES
Section 120.00 Assault in the fifth degree
A person is guilty of assault in the fifth degree when:
1. With intent to cause physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or
2. He recklessly causes physical injury to another person; or
3. With criminal negligence, he causes physical injury to another person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument.
Assault in the third degree is a class A misdemeanor.
Section 120.01 Assault in the fourth degree
A person is guilty of assault in the fourth degree when,
(1) being a child day care provider or an employee thereof, he or she recklessly causes physical injury to a child under the care of such provider or employee who is less than eleven years of age, or
(2) when being sixteen years old or more the defendant commits the crime of assault in the fifth degree upon a person less than eleven years old, or
(3) with criminal negligence he causes serious physical injury to another person, and causes such serious physical injury by operation of a vehicle while intoxicated, or
(4) with intent to cause physical injury to another person and when aided by two or more other persons actually present, he causes physical injury to such person or to a third person.
Assault in the fourth degree is a class E felony..
Section 120.05 Assault in the third degree
A person is guilty of assault in the second degree when:
1. With intent to cause serious physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or
2. With intent to cause physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument; or
3. With intent to prevent a peace officer, police officer from performing his duty, he causes physical injury to such peace officer, police officer; or
4. He recklessly causes serious physical injury to another person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument; or
5. For a purpose other than lawful medical or therapeutic treatment, he intentionally causes stupor, unconsciousness or other physical impairment or injury to another person by administering to him, without his consent, a drug, substance or preparation capable of producing the same; or
6. Having been charged with or convicted of a crime and while confined in a jail or prison, with intent to cause physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or
7. Being sixteen years old or more and with intent to cause physical injury to a person less than seven years old, the defendant causes such injury to such person; or
8. with intent to cause physical injury to another person and when aided by two or more other persons actually present, he causes serious physical injury to such person or to a third person.
Assault in the third degree is a class D felony.
Section 120.07 Assault in the second degree
A person is guilty of assault in the second degree when,
1. In the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempted commission of a felony or of immediate flight therefrom, he, or another participant if there be any, causes physical injury to a person other than one of the participants; or
2. with intent to cause serious physical injury to another person and when aided by two or more other persons actually present, he causes serious physical injury to such person or to a third person, or
3. with intent to prevent a peace officer, from performing a lawful duty, he causes serious physical injury to such peace officer.
Assault in the second degree is a class C felony.
Section 120.10 Assault in the first degree
A person is guilty of assault in the first degree when:
1. With intent to cause serious physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument; or
2. With intent to disfigure another person seriously and permanently, or to destroy, amputate or disable permanently a member or organ of his body, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or
3. Under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to another person, and thereby causes serious physical injury to another person; or
4. In the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempted commission of a felony or of immediate flight therefrom, he, or another participant if there be any, causes serious physical injury to a person other than one of the participants; or
5. With intent to cause serious physical injury to a person whom he knows or reasonably should know to be a police officer or a peace officer engaged in the course of performing his official duties, he causes such injury by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument.
Assault in the first degree is a class A felony.
Section 120.15 Menacing in the third degree
A person is guilty of menacing in the third degree when, by physical menace, he or she intentionally places or attempts to place another person in fear of death, imminent serious physical injury or physical injury.
Menacing in the third degree is a class B misdemeanor.
Section 120.14 Menacing in the second degree
A person is guilty of menacing in the second degree when:
1. He or she intentionally places or attempts to place another person in reasonable fear of physical injury, serious physical injury or death by displaying a deadly weapon, dangerous instrument or what appears to be a pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun, machine gun or other firearm; or
2. He or she repeatedly follows a person or engages in a course of conduct or repeatedly commits acts over a period of time intentionally placing or attempting to place another person in reasonable fear of physical injury, serious physical injury or death; or
3. He or she commits the crime of menacing in the third degree in violation of that part of a duly served order of protection, or such order which the defendant has actual knowledge of because he or she was present in court when such order was issued, or an order of protection issued by a court of competent jurisdiction in another state, territorial or tribal jurisdiction, which directed the respondent or defendant to stay away from the person or persons on whose behalf the order was issued.
Menacing in the second degree is a class A misdemeanor.
Section 120.13 Menacing in the first degree
A person is guilty of menacing in the first degree when he or she commits the crime of menacing in the second degree and has been previously convicted of the crime of menacing in the second degree within the preceding ten years.
Menacing in the first degree is a class E felony.
Section 120.20 Reckless endangerment in the second degree
A person is guilty of reckless endangerment in the second degree when he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury to another person.
Reckless endangerment in the second degree is a class B misdemeanor.
Section 120.25 Reckless endangerment in the first degree
A person is guilty of reckless endangerment in the first degree when, under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to another person.
Reckless endangerment in the first degree is a class E felony.
ARTICLE 125—HOMICIDE AND RELATED OFFENSES
Section 125.00 Homicide defined
Homicide means conduct which causes the death of a person under circumstances constituting murder, manslaughter in the first degree, manslaughter in the second degree, criminally negligent homicide.
Section 125.05 Homicide, abortion and related offenses; definitions of terms
The following definitions are applicable to this article:
1. "Person," when referring to the victim of a homicide, means a human being who has been born and is alive.
Section 125.10 Criminally negligent homicide
A person is guilty of criminally negligent homicide when, with criminal negligence, he causes the death of another person.
Criminally negligent homicide is a class C felony.
Section 125.12 Vehicular manslaughter
A person is guilty of vehicular manslaughter in the second degree when he:
(1) commits the crime of criminally negligent homicide by means of operation of vehicle while intoxicated.
Vehicular manslaughter is a class B felony.
Section 125.15 Manslaughter in the second degree
A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree when He recklessly causes the death of another person.
Manslaughter in the second degree is a class B felony.
Section 125.20 Manslaughter in the first degree
A person is guilty of manslaughter in the first degree when:
1. With intent to cause serious physical injury to another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person; or
2. With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person under circumstances which do not constitute murder because he acts under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance, as defined in paragraph (a) of subdivision one of section 125.25. The fact that homicide was committed under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance constitutes a mitigating circumstance reducing murder to manslaughter in the first degree and need not be proved in any prosecution initiated under this subdivision; or
3. Being sixteen years old or more and with intent to cause physical injury to a person less than eleven years old, the defendant recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of serious physical injury to such person and thereby causes the death of such person.
3. Acting either alone or with one or more other persons, he commits or attempts to commit robbery, burglary, kidnapping, arson, rape in the first degree, criminal sexual act in the first degree, sexual abuse in the first degree, aggravated sexual abuse, escape in the first degree, or escape in the second degree, and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime or of immediate flight therefrom, he, or another participant, if there be any, causes the death of a person other than one of the participants when such is not chargable as murder.
Manslaughter in the first degree is a class A felony.
Section 125.25 Murder
A person is guilty of murder when:
1. With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person; except that in any prosecution under this subdivision, it is an affirmative defense that:
(a) The defendant acted under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance for which there was a reasonable explanation or excuse, the reasonableness of which is to be determined from the viewpoint of a person in the defendant's situation under the circumstances as the defendant believed them to be. Nothing contained in this paragraph shall constitute a defense to a prosecution for, or preclude a conviction of, manslaughter in the first degree or any other crime; or
(b) The defendant's conduct consisted of causing or aiding, without the use of duress or deception, another person to commit suicide; or
2. Under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to another person, and thereby causes the death of another person; or
3. Acting either alone or with one or more other persons, he commits or attempts to commit robbery, burglary, kidnapping, arson, rape in the first degree, criminal sexual act in the first degree, sexual abuse in the first degree, aggravated sexual abuse, escape in the first degree, or escape in the second degree, and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime or of immediate flight therefrom, he, or another participant, if there be any, causes the death of a person other than one of the participants; except that in any prosecution under this subdivision, in which the defendant was not the only participant in the underlying crime, it is an affirmative defense that the defendant:
(a) Did not commit the homicidal act or in any way solicit, request, command, importune, cause or aid the commission thereof; and
(b) Was not armed with a deadly weapon, or any instrument, article or substance readily capable of causing death or serious physical injury and of a sort not ordinarily carried in public places by law-abiding persons; and
(c) Had no reasonable ground to believe that any other participant was armed with such a weapon, instrument, article or substance; and
(d) Had no reasonable ground to believe that any other participant intended to engage in conduct likely to result in death or serious physical injury; or
4. Under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, and being sixteen years old or more the defendant recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of serious physical injury or death to another person less than eleven years old and thereby causes the death of such person; or
5. With intent that another person cause the death of a third person, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct and the person solicited dose cause the death of such third person or of a fourth person; or
6. Engages in a consperacy to cause the unlawful death of a person and a member of the comspiracy causes the death of such a person or a third person.
7. Knowing that he is rendering aid to a person who intends to cause the unlawful death of a third person, he engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to cause the death of the third person or of another person.
Murder is a capitol felony.
SEXUAL CONDUCT, RESTRAINT AND INTIMIDATION
ARTICLE 120--ASSAULT AND RELATED OFFENSES
Section 120.00 Assault in the fifth degree
A person is guilty of assault in the fifth degree when:
1. With intent to cause physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or
2. He recklessly causes physical injury to another person; or
3. With criminal negligence, he causes physical injury to another person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument.
Assault in the third degree is a class A misdemeanor.
Section 120.01 Assault in the fourth degree
A person is guilty of assault in the fourth degree when,
(1) being a child day care provider or an employee thereof, he or she recklessly causes physical injury to a child under the care of such provider or employee who is less than eleven years of age, or
(2) when being sixteen years old or more the defendant commits the crime of assault in the fifth degree upon a person less than eleven years old, or
(3) with criminal negligence he causes serious physical injury to another person, and causes such serious physical injury by operation of a vehicle while intoxicated, or
(4) with intent to cause physical injury to another person and when aided by two or more other persons actually present, he causes physical injury to such person or to a third person.
Assault in the fourth degree is a class E felony..
Section 120.05 Assault in the third degree
A person is guilty of assault in the second degree when:
1. With intent to cause serious physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or
2. With intent to cause physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument; or
3. With intent to prevent a peace officer, police officer from performing his duty, he causes physical injury to such peace officer, police officer; or
4. He recklessly causes serious physical injury to another person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument; or
5. For a purpose other than lawful medical or therapeutic treatment, he intentionally causes stupor, unconsciousness or other physical impairment or injury to another person by administering to him, without his consent, a drug, substance or preparation capable of producing the same; or
6. Having been charged with or convicted of a crime and while confined in a jail or prison, with intent to cause physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or
7. Being sixteen years old or more and with intent to cause physical injury to a person less than seven years old, the defendant causes such injury to such person; or
8. with intent to cause physical injury to another person and when aided by two or more other persons actually present, he causes serious physical injury to such person or to a third person.
Assault in the third degree is a class D felony.
Section 120.07 Assault in the second degree
A person is guilty of assault in the second degree when,
1. In the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempted commission of a felony or of immediate flight therefrom, he, or another participant if there be any, causes physical injury to a person other than one of the participants; or
2. with intent to cause serious physical injury to another person and when aided by two or more other persons actually present, he causes serious physical injury to such person or to a third person, or
3. with intent to prevent a peace officer, from performing a lawful duty, he causes serious physical injury to such peace officer.
Assault in the second degree is a class C felony.
Section 120.10 Assault in the first degree
A person is guilty of assault in the first degree when:
1. With intent to cause serious physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument; or
2. With intent to disfigure another person seriously and permanently, or to destroy, amputate or disable permanently a member or organ of his body, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or
3. Under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to another person, and thereby causes serious physical injury to another person; or
4. In the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempted commission of a felony or of immediate flight therefrom, he, or another participant if there be any, causes serious physical injury to a person other than one of the participants; or
5. With intent to cause serious physical injury to a person whom he knows or reasonably should know to be a police officer or a peace officer engaged in the course of performing his official duties, he causes such injury by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument.
Assault in the first degree is a class A felony.
Section 120.15 Menacing in the third degree
A person is guilty of menacing in the third degree when, by physical menace, he or she intentionally places or attempts to place another person in fear of death, imminent serious physical injury or physical injury.
Menacing in the third degree is a class B misdemeanor.
Section 120.14 Menacing in the second degree
A person is guilty of menacing in the second degree when:
1. He or she intentionally places or attempts to place another person in reasonable fear of physical injury, serious physical injury or death by displaying a deadly weapon, dangerous instrument or what appears to be a pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun, machine gun or other firearm; or
2. He or she repeatedly follows a person or engages in a course of conduct or repeatedly commits acts over a period of time intentionally placing or attempting to place another person in reasonable fear of physical injury, serious physical injury or death; or
3. He or she commits the crime of menacing in the third degree in violation of that part of a duly served order of protection, or such order which the defendant has actual knowledge of because he or she was present in court when such order was issued, or an order of protection issued by a court of competent jurisdiction in another state, territorial or tribal jurisdiction, which directed the respondent or defendant to stay away from the person or persons on whose behalf the order was issued.
Menacing in the second degree is a class A misdemeanor.
Section 120.13 Menacing in the first degree
A person is guilty of menacing in the first degree when he or she commits the crime of menacing in the second degree and has been previously convicted of the crime of menacing in the second degree within the preceding ten years.
Menacing in the first degree is a class E felony.
Section 120.20 Reckless endangerment in the second degree
A person is guilty of reckless endangerment in the second degree when he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury to another person.
Reckless endangerment in the second degree is a class B misdemeanor.
Section 120.25 Reckless endangerment in the first degree
A person is guilty of reckless endangerment in the first degree when, under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to another person.
Reckless endangerment in the first degree is a class E felony.
ARTICLE 125—HOMICIDE AND RELATED OFFENSES
Section 125.00 Homicide defined
Homicide means conduct which causes the death of a person under circumstances constituting murder, manslaughter in the first degree, manslaughter in the second degree, criminally negligent homicide.
Section 125.05 Homicide, abortion and related offenses; definitions of terms
The following definitions are applicable to this article:
1. "Person," when referring to the victim of a homicide, means a human being who has been born and is alive.
Section 125.10 Criminally negligent homicide
A person is guilty of criminally negligent homicide when, with criminal negligence, he causes the death of another person.
Criminally negligent homicide is a class C felony.
Section 125.12 Vehicular manslaughter
A person is guilty of vehicular manslaughter in the second degree when he:
(1) commits the crime of criminally negligent homicide by means of operation of vehicle while intoxicated.
Vehicular manslaughter is a class B felony.
Section 125.15 Manslaughter in the second degree
A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree when He recklessly causes the death of another person.
Manslaughter in the second degree is a class B felony.
Section 125.20 Manslaughter in the first degree
A person is guilty of manslaughter in the first degree when:
1. With intent to cause serious physical injury to another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person; or
2. With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person under circumstances which do not constitute murder because he acts under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance, as defined in paragraph (a) of subdivision one of section 125.25. The fact that homicide was committed under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance constitutes a mitigating circumstance reducing murder to manslaughter in the first degree and need not be proved in any prosecution initiated under this subdivision; or
3. Being sixteen years old or more and with intent to cause physical injury to a person less than eleven years old, the defendant recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of serious physical injury to such person and thereby causes the death of such person.
3. Acting either alone or with one or more other persons, he commits or attempts to commit robbery, burglary, kidnapping, arson, rape in the first degree, criminal sexual act in the first degree, sexual abuse in the first degree, aggravated sexual abuse, escape in the first degree, or escape in the second degree, and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime or of immediate flight therefrom, he, or another participant, if there be any, causes the death of a person other than one of the participants when such is not chargable as murder.
Manslaughter in the first degree is a class A felony.
Section 125.25 Murder
A person is guilty of murder when:
1. With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person; except that in any prosecution under this subdivision, it is an affirmative defense that:
(a) The defendant acted under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance for which there was a reasonable explanation or excuse, the reasonableness of which is to be determined from the viewpoint of a person in the defendant's situation under the circumstances as the defendant believed them to be. Nothing contained in this paragraph shall constitute a defense to a prosecution for, or preclude a conviction of, manslaughter in the first degree or any other crime; or
(b) The defendant's conduct consisted of causing or aiding, without the use of duress or deception, another person to commit suicide; or
2. Under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to another person, and thereby causes the death of another person; or
3. Acting either alone or with one or more other persons, he commits or attempts to commit robbery, burglary, kidnapping, arson, rape in the first degree, criminal sexual act in the first degree, sexual abuse in the first degree, aggravated sexual abuse, escape in the first degree, or escape in the second degree, and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime or of immediate flight therefrom, he, or another participant, if there be any, causes the death of a person other than one of the participants; except that in any prosecution under this subdivision, in which the defendant was not the only participant in the underlying crime, it is an affirmative defense that the defendant:
(a) Did not commit the homicidal act or in any way solicit, request, command, importune, cause or aid the commission thereof; and
(b) Was not armed with a deadly weapon, or any instrument, article or substance readily capable of causing death or serious physical injury and of a sort not ordinarily carried in public places by law-abiding persons; and
(c) Had no reasonable ground to believe that any other participant was armed with such a weapon, instrument, article or substance; and
(d) Had no reasonable ground to believe that any other participant intended to engage in conduct likely to result in death or serious physical injury; or
4. Under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, and being sixteen years old or more the defendant recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of serious physical injury or death to another person less than eleven years old and thereby causes the death of such person; or
5. With intent that another person cause the death of a third person, he solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause such other person to engage in such conduct and the person solicited dose cause the death of such third person or of a fourth person; or
6. Engages in a consperacy to cause the unlawful death of a person and a member of the comspiracy causes the death of such a person or a third person.
7. Knowing that he is rendering aid to a person who intends to cause the unlawful death of a third person, he engages in conduct which provides such person with means or opportunity for the commission thereof and which in fact aids such person to cause the death of the third person or of another person.
Murder is a capitol felony.
Hello all
A proposed criminal code for the dual principality is forth coming in the next few weeks.
A proposed criminal code for the dual principality is forth coming in the next few weeks.
Sunday, September 28, 2003
I have been unable to post for some time because a fire in my apartment caused damage to my computer. I am posting this quick note from a friends computer to let you all know that Dual Principality of Amagi is on track. A provisional government has been set up and the permanent constitution that will go into effect when we are able to buy territory is almost finished. I should be posting it soon.
H.S.H. SWH2
H.S.H. SWH2
Saturday, July 26, 2003
In addition to working to finish the Constitution of Amagi, I have been thinking of ways for new county projects to work together.
This idea is one of the results of that thinking.
A Convention for the Gaining of Territorial Sovereignty by Currently Non Territorial States and for the Stabilization of the Exchange Rates of their Currencies
_________, ________________, ________________, and ________________
Believing that an increase in the number of territorial states will allow for a greater variety of political arrangements to be tried and thus increase the freedom of the individual;
Mindful of their objective of achieving territorial sovereignty for their states;
Convinced that this objective maybe more quickly achieved by working together;
Understanding that the prosperity and strength of a nation depends on a stable monetary system;
Determined to conclude a treaty to affect these purposes;
Have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries:
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
who, having communicated to one another their full powers found to be in good and due form have agreed upon the following:
1) The high contracting parties extend diplomatic recognition to one another.
2) They covenant with one another that when one of the high contracting states should gain territorial sovereignty over an area one square kilometer or greater it shall sell to each of the other state parties to this treaty territory for an embassy. The territory sold shall be at least 20 by 20 meters in extent. The purchasing state shall pay the selling state its full cost of acquiring the territory sold.
3) The state parties to this treaty hereby establish the metal silver (atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47) as the means of making payments between one another. They here by contract that all money issued by them shall be made from or redeemable in silver, gold (atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79), or copper (atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29).
4) The present treaty shall be ratified by the high contracting parties named in the preamble in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements, and shall take effect as between them as soon as all their several instruments of ratification shall have been deposited with ______________.
IN FAITH WHEREOF the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed this treaty and hereunto affix their seals.
DONE at the city of _____, the _________ day of _______ in the year _________.
This idea is one of the results of that thinking.
A Convention for the Gaining of Territorial Sovereignty by Currently Non Territorial States and for the Stabilization of the Exchange Rates of their Currencies
_________, ________________, ________________, and ________________
Believing that an increase in the number of territorial states will allow for a greater variety of political arrangements to be tried and thus increase the freedom of the individual;
Mindful of their objective of achieving territorial sovereignty for their states;
Convinced that this objective maybe more quickly achieved by working together;
Understanding that the prosperity and strength of a nation depends on a stable monetary system;
Determined to conclude a treaty to affect these purposes;
Have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries:
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
who, having communicated to one another their full powers found to be in good and due form have agreed upon the following:
1) The high contracting parties extend diplomatic recognition to one another.
2) They covenant with one another that when one of the high contracting states should gain territorial sovereignty over an area one square kilometer or greater it shall sell to each of the other state parties to this treaty territory for an embassy. The territory sold shall be at least 20 by 20 meters in extent. The purchasing state shall pay the selling state its full cost of acquiring the territory sold.
3) The state parties to this treaty hereby establish the metal silver (atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47) as the means of making payments between one another. They here by contract that all money issued by them shall be made from or redeemable in silver, gold (atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79), or copper (atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29).
4) The present treaty shall be ratified by the high contracting parties named in the preamble in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements, and shall take effect as between them as soon as all their several instruments of ratification shall have been deposited with ______________.
IN FAITH WHEREOF the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed this treaty and hereunto affix their seals.
DONE at the city of _____, the _________ day of _______ in the year _________.
Thursday, July 17, 2003
RON PAUL FOR PRESIDENT
While this is strictly speaking off topic. I want to encourage my readers to look into supporting Dr. Ron Paul, R-14th Texas, for president. Representative Paul is known as Dr. No on capital hill because he votes against the many bills that legislate on maters out side the federal government’s constitutionally limited area of responsibility.
While Ron Paul is by no means perfect, he by far the best member of congress. With a number of serious problems facing our country including war and the economic situation, we need to have the best and most trustworthy person as chief magistrate of the Republic. Ron Paul fits the bill.
While this is strictly speaking off topic. I want to encourage my readers to look into supporting Dr. Ron Paul, R-14th Texas, for president. Representative Paul is known as Dr. No on capital hill because he votes against the many bills that legislate on maters out side the federal government’s constitutionally limited area of responsibility.
While Ron Paul is by no means perfect, he by far the best member of congress. With a number of serious problems facing our country including war and the economic situation, we need to have the best and most trustworthy person as chief magistrate of the Republic. Ron Paul fits the bill.
Thursday, July 10, 2003
THE DEATH PENALTY?
The Constitution of Amagi as curently writen alows for the death penalty in so far as Sec. 1 of the bill of rights provides that,
“No person shall be deprived of their life without due process of law upon a charge of treason, premeditated murder, or murder in the commission of a crime.”
Thus a person could be put to death for treason or murder as long as there was due process of law.
My view is that just as a person who deprives someone of their liberty or property losses their own right to liberty and property and can’t complain when they are fined or imprisoned, a person who murders another is deprived of his right to life.
I believe that execution in such cases is just. However I think that capital punishment should probably be restricted to cases of where the defendant has been convicted by two different juries of two different murders.
Treason, is a question I will leave to a later time because it is such a controversial topic among libertarians, but suffice it to say I do believe in capital punishment for treason.
I hope to receive some comments on this topic.
The Constitution of Amagi as curently writen alows for the death penalty in so far as Sec. 1 of the bill of rights provides that,
“No person shall be deprived of their life without due process of law upon a charge of treason, premeditated murder, or murder in the commission of a crime.”
Thus a person could be put to death for treason or murder as long as there was due process of law.
My view is that just as a person who deprives someone of their liberty or property losses their own right to liberty and property and can’t complain when they are fined or imprisoned, a person who murders another is deprived of his right to life.
I believe that execution in such cases is just. However I think that capital punishment should probably be restricted to cases of where the defendant has been convicted by two different juries of two different murders.
Treason, is a question I will leave to a later time because it is such a controversial topic among libertarians, but suffice it to say I do believe in capital punishment for treason.
I hope to receive some comments on this topic.
Sunday, June 29, 2003
CITIZENSHIP
One of the most important questions a political body has to answer is who can vote and who can hold office. In other words who is a citizen.
No country allows everyone to vote or hold office. Even the mass democracies of today have restrictions on voting by felons, minors and the insane.
So who should be allowed to control the state?
It seems to me that the logical answer to that question is that since the state exists only because individuals make it exist, the people who should control the state are the ones who by their actions create and keep it in existence.
In other words people who pay taxes and have served in the militia or active duty armed forces should be citizens while all others while receiving the protection of the law should not be allowed to vote or hold office.
This would have a three fold advantage. First it would provide the government with revenue without violating anyone’s rights since the tax would be voluntary. Second it would eliminate any practical need for a draft since the would be a large organized militia. Third it would balance the right to self government with the cost of self government.
Those who chose not to pay taxes and serve in the military would still have the protection of the law. Also non citizens and citizens alike would be able to attend the assembly a sort un-legislature that would meet every five years and could strike down laws.
The relevant portion of the constitution of the Dual Principality follows.
Art II Citizenship
Sec 1 Requirement for citizenship
Any person resident in the principality who has reached the age of 16 years and has completed three years of active duty or 5 years of a thirty year term of militia duty. May by paying the income tax set forth by the legislature, become a citizen of the principality.
Sec 2 Non Citizens
Any person who has resided with in the principality for a period of not less then two years and has renounced all allegiance to any other polity or who is a native born resident of the principality and has not taken an oath of allegiance to any other polity is a resident national of the principality, eligible to attend the assembly. Any person with in the jurisdiction of the principality shall have the full protection of the law.
Sec 3 The Duties and Privileges of Citizenship
All citizens shall have the right to vote and the right and duty to sit on juries.
One of the most important questions a political body has to answer is who can vote and who can hold office. In other words who is a citizen.
No country allows everyone to vote or hold office. Even the mass democracies of today have restrictions on voting by felons, minors and the insane.
So who should be allowed to control the state?
It seems to me that the logical answer to that question is that since the state exists only because individuals make it exist, the people who should control the state are the ones who by their actions create and keep it in existence.
In other words people who pay taxes and have served in the militia or active duty armed forces should be citizens while all others while receiving the protection of the law should not be allowed to vote or hold office.
This would have a three fold advantage. First it would provide the government with revenue without violating anyone’s rights since the tax would be voluntary. Second it would eliminate any practical need for a draft since the would be a large organized militia. Third it would balance the right to self government with the cost of self government.
Those who chose not to pay taxes and serve in the military would still have the protection of the law. Also non citizens and citizens alike would be able to attend the assembly a sort un-legislature that would meet every five years and could strike down laws.
The relevant portion of the constitution of the Dual Principality follows.
Art II Citizenship
Sec 1 Requirement for citizenship
Any person resident in the principality who has reached the age of 16 years and has completed three years of active duty or 5 years of a thirty year term of militia duty. May by paying the income tax set forth by the legislature, become a citizen of the principality.
Sec 2 Non Citizens
Any person who has resided with in the principality for a period of not less then two years and has renounced all allegiance to any other polity or who is a native born resident of the principality and has not taken an oath of allegiance to any other polity is a resident national of the principality, eligible to attend the assembly. Any person with in the jurisdiction of the principality shall have the full protection of the law.
Sec 3 The Duties and Privileges of Citizenship
All citizens shall have the right to vote and the right and duty to sit on juries.
